Unit 2 Flashcards
research using deductive reasoning where the researcher develops a hypothesis to test based on a theory
Quantitative research
used to develop theory by collecting information without having a set hypothesis to test
Qualitative research
the qualitative study of a culture
Ethnography
a research design which collects data from a cross-section or groups of people with different ages from the target population at one point in time
Cross-sectional design
a research design which begins with one group of people, all of one age, and examines this one group if people across a long period of time
Longitudinal design
a sample that represents the total population as closely as possible
Representative Sample
: the gold standard, or most preferred method, for data collection in which the researcher observes the participant in an objective manner
Observation
researchers may ask questions of each participant or have participants answer a questionnaire
Interview
a research design in which the researcher controls most all variables to test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; it is the only design to determine cause and effect
Experiments
numerically represents the relationship between two variables; a correlation can be positive, negative, or spurious
Correlation:
the individual takes in information but now manipulates the information in order to better understand it in new and different ways, modifying the cognitive structure in order to create new and different types of understanding
Accommodation:
the process of adaptation allowed for qualitative shifts in the individual/environmental interaction
Adaptation
the individual takes in information then manipulates the information so it fits an existing cognitive structure (i.e., things the individual already knows and understands), but ignores or voids information the individual can’t make sense of
Assimilation
is the bond developed between caregiver and child as a result of the synchronicity of their interactions to promote the survival of the child
Attachment
the system that accounts for changes in the life course due to sociohistorical changes in society
choronosystem
the process of taking information into the mind, limited to about 5-7 bits of information at any given time
Chunking:
where a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus was paired with an unnatural or conditioned stimulus in order to obtain the same response
Classical conditioning
: the structures of the mind; collection of schemata; qualitative nature of intellectual activity in Piaget’s theory
Cognitive structures
a third type of reasoning in which individuals are able to act on their world in logical ways
Concrete operations
a window of time that is of a particular importance for the development of a characteristic
Critical period
using a general principle or observations to predict something in a specific case
Deductive reasoning
periods of cognitive imbalance (i.e., periods where we don’t really truly understand all the information we have taken in
Disequilibrium
is the rational, conscious part of an individual.
Ego
a form of or our understanding of the world and our relationship to it
Egocentrism
a sense of a predetermined unfolding personality
Epigenetic principle
the impact of the social setting itself. The setting or context does not play an active role in development, but may influence development as a result.
Exosystem
a type of reasoning wherein individuals can act on their world by applying mental operations and logic to abstract concepts, not just concrete ones.
Formal operations
refers to a developmental shift in reasoning as thinking changes and matures across children just as the physical body does
Genetic epistemology
is the animalistic part of the mind with drives that seek immediate gratification
Id
the individual at the center of external input according to social ecology
Individual system
using specific instances to form a general theory that may or may not be true
Inductive reasoning
stored memory that must be recalled and is not active
Long-term memory
the culture in which an individual lives, including behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, ethnic heritage, economic structure, religious traditions, etc.
Macro system
the setting in which the individual lives and participates actively with specific roles
Microsystem
the culture in which an individual lives, including behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, ethnic heritage, economic structure, religious traditions, etc.
Mesosystem
: a social learning perspective in which one demonstrates how to do things to someone else
Modeling
a social learning perspective in which one learns by watching someone else engage in behaviors
Observation
where behaviors are strengthened through the use of reinforcement
Operant conditioning
intuitive use of mental operations, as young children, mental reasoning is limited in that individuals are unable to apply logic, nor are they able to comprehend any perspective other than our own
Preoperations
thoughts that are verbalized as children make the transition to combine speech and thought. Offers great insight into children’s minds.
Private speech
: a therapeutic process in which the therapist attempts to help the patient uncover painful, suppressed memories from the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis
anything that works to decrease the strength of a behavior by the provision of something seen by the learner as negative, or the removal of something seen by the learner as positive
Punishment
Positive reinforcement occurs when behavior is rewarded through the provision of something seen as positive to the learner, whereas negative reinforcement occurs when behavior is rewarded through the removal of something seen as negative to the learner
Reinforcement
Initially we process information using our senses and motor skills. Piaget contends we act on our world and adapt to it using the information we can see, hear, smell, taste, and touch, in conjunction with our ability to use motor skills to further manipulate our environment
Sensorimotor
the perception and memory of external stimuli by the senses
Sensory memory
working memory of the conscious mind
Short-term memory
conscience, is the internalization of rules and morals to further govern behavior
Superego
Theory:
a set of interconnected statements used to describe unobservable structures, mechanisms, or processes and to relate them to each other to observable events
a range of tasks bordered on one end by those skills an individual can do without assistance from others and on the other by those skills an individual can accomplish with assistance from a person more knowledgeable in that particular skill
Zone of proximal development (ZPD):
