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Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “INTERspecific variation”

A

Variation that exists between DIFFERENT species

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2
Q

Define “INTRAspecific” variation:

A

Variation that occurs WITHIN a species e.g. The number of “eyes” on peacock’s feathers

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3
Q

Why do scientists look at a sample of a population rather than the whole population?

A
  • time-consuming
  • impractical/impossible to catch all individuals

so, samples are used as MODELS for the whole population

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4
Q

Why does a population sample have to be chosen RANDOMLY?

A
  • Prevent BIAS

* Ensure any variation observed isn’t due to CHANCE

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5
Q

How is each amino acid coded?

A

by a SEQUENCE OF 3 BASES, called a TRIPLET

!!!!IN A GENE!!!!

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6
Q

Genes in EUKARYOTIC DNA don’t code for Amino Acids, what are they called and when are they removed?

A
  • Introns
  • ((also contains regions of MULTIPLE REPEATS outside of genes))

• Protein Synthesis

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7
Q

How can a GENE MUTATION ➡️ NON-FUNCTIONING PROTEINS?

A
  • Change in hydrogen/ionic bonds
  • Alters primary and therefore, tertiary structure/active site
  • Substrate cannot bind - no longer complementary
  • No E-S complexes form
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8
Q

Why is comparing the BASE SEQUENCE OF A GENE better than comparing the AMINO ACID SEQUENCE?

A
  • Introns don’t code for DNA
  • DIFFERENT BASE TRIPLES CODE FOR THE SAME AMINO ACID
  • DNA code is degenerate
      • STOP/START Sequences
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9
Q

Explain the relationship between the SA:VOL ratio and their OXYGEN DISASSOCIATION CURVES of their HAEMOGLOBINS

A
  • Smaller mammals have GREATER SA-Vol ratio
  • therefore, more HEAT ? lost per unit BODY MASS
  • also, greater rate of RESPIRATION
  • OXYGEN required for respiration
  • HAEMOGLOBIN releases OXYGEN more READILY - ⬇️ AFFINITY
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10
Q

How does a DOUBLE BLIND TEST improve reliability?

A

• PREVENTS BIAS, which may have otherwise occurred due to the VESTED INTEREST OF SCIENTISTS ?

  • PREVENTS “PLACEBO” effect
  • PREVENTS DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS from VOLUNTEERS
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11
Q

How could you use the graph to predict…

A
  • use LINE of BEST FIT ➖

* EXTRAPOLATE then READ FROM GRAPH

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12
Q

Define an “Organ”

A

made up of
DIFFERENT
tissueS

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13
Q

Why does a LACK of protein lead to the build up of Tissue Fluid?

A
  • WP not AS low
  • LESS WATER REMOVED INTO CAPILLARY
  • via Osmosis, INTO capillary
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14
Q

Define “Genetic Bottleneck”:

A
  • Drop in population
  • ⬇️ GENETIC VARIATION
  • SMALLER gene pool
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15
Q

Why is _____ FERTILITY low?

A
  • Mutation affecting SPERM CELL (in small population)
  • ERRORS IN MEIOSIS
  • Inbreeding
  • HIGH CHANCE of inheriting allele
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16
Q

Why does the rate of water uptake ⬇️ when you cut off a plant’s leaves?

A
  • ⬇️ SURFACE AREA
  • FEWER STOMATA ?
  • Less TRANSPIRATION
  • LESS COHESION
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17
Q

Osmotic Lysis:

A
  • CELL WALL production is INHIBITED
  • LOWER WP in BACTERIUM
  • Water enters and causes LYSIS
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18
Q

Ethical argument for MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY?

A

• Prevent EXTINCTION of animals and save them for FUTURE GENERATIONS

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19
Q

An economic argument for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • TOURISM ?

* COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

20
Q

Deforestation’s effects?

A
  • Fewer PLANT species ?
  • Fewer HABITATS ?
  • Fewer NICHES
  • Fewer FOOD sources ?
  • LESS PROTECTION FROM PREDATORS ?
21
Q

How to identify “INTERPHASE”

A
  • NO VISIBLE CHROMOSOMES

* VISIBLE NUCLEUS

22
Q

If the Standard Deviation bars DO NOT overlap, what does that tell you?

ALSO!!! LOW Sds means RESULTS MORE RELIABLE ❗️❗️❗️

A

(differences) ARE significant and not due to chance ?

23
Q

Why repeat the measurement several times?

A
  • Identify Anomalies

* makes the AVERAGE MORE RELIABLE

24
Q

Why Self-Report was less reliable?

A

RESULTS rely on their OWN JUDGEMENT

Some ppts may LIE/EXAGGERATE

25
Q

Only contains the elements CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN?

STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA HELICASE

A

STARCH
GLYCOGEN
DEOXYRIBOSE

26
Q

Made from AMINO ACID monomers?

STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA HELICASE

A

DNA HELICASE (enzyme, duh!)

27
Q

Found in BOTH animal and plant cells?

STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA HELICASE

A

DEOXYRIBOSE

DNA HELICASE

28
Q

Why is HYDROGEN BONDING important in CELLULOSE molecules?

A
  • Holds cellulose MOLECULES TOGETHER
  • Providing STRENGTH/RIGIDITY
  • HYDROGEN BONDS STRONG ? IN LARGE NUMBERS
29
Q

Why may one organisms’s HAEMOGLOBIN have a diff. CHEMICAL structure from another organisms’s?

A
  • Diff AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

* Diff PRIMARY STRUCTURE

30
Q

Why is it important to make HYBRID samples of DNA from the SAME GENE?

A
  • Base ? sequence will be SIMILAR

* COMPLIMENTARY PAIRS hence HYDROGEN BONDS would form

31
Q

Why join plots with a STRAIGHT line and not a smooth curve? ➖➖

A
  • CANNOT PREDICT

* Don’t know INTERMEDIATE values

32
Q

Why does TRANSPIRATION RATE ⬆️ as WIND ⬆️

A
  • Removes Water Vapour
  • ⬆️ WATER POTENTIAL gradient
  • MORE EVAPORATION
33
Q

Why does TRANSPIRATION RATE ⬆️ as TEMPERATURE ⬆️?

A
  • ⬆️ KINETIC ENERGY
  • Water molecules MOVE FASTER ?
  • INCREASES evaporation
34
Q

Why does TRANSPIRATION RATE ⬆️ as LIGHT INTENSITY ⬆️?

A
  • STOMATA open ?
  • ?SYNTHESIS INCREASES
  • TRANSPORTATION INCREASES
  • MORE WATER PULLED UP
  • COHESION between WATER MOLECULES
35
Q

The diameter of the TRUNK of a tree was less at 12.00 than it was at 3pm, why?

A
  • Water moves up at a FASTER RATE
  • Water Column under TENSION ?
  • Adhesion between water and xylem
  • PULLS XYLEM IN
36
Q

What is STANDARD DEVIATION?

A

a measure of SPREAD/VARIATION

37
Q

Describe how scientists can carry out breeding experiments?

A
  • WATCH COURTSHIP

* BREED YOUNG TOGETHER/observe mating

38
Q

What does the FLAGELLUM do?

A

ENABLES MOVEMENT TOWARDS LIGHT

39
Q

What is meant by “GENETIC DIVERSITY”

A

Difference in ALLELES/genes

40
Q

what happens during “Metaphase”

A
  • CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT MIDDLE
  • SPINDLE FORMED
  • CHROMATIDS ATTACH TO SPINDLE
41
Q

What happens during “Anaphase”:

A

CENTROMERE SPLITS

CHROMATIDS PULLED APART

TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF CELL

42
Q

Why can you use CALLS to investigate relationships between species?

A

Calls (Courtship Behaviour) is SPECIES SPECIFIC

GREATER similarity in calls, the closer the relationship

43
Q

If there is more haemoglobin…

A
  • MORE OXYGEN CAN BE TRANSPORTED
  • FOR RESPIRATION
  • MORE ENERGY RELEASED
  • FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  • DELAYS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
44
Q

Why does MORE RED BLOOD CELLS lead to INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE?

A
  • Blood is THICKER

* Blood is more “concentrated”

45
Q

Why are older people more likely to be affected by a bacterium?

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM LESS EFFECTIVE

46
Q

One measure for reducing ANTI-BIOTIC RESISTANCE?

A
  • Use Cocktail ?
  • High Doses for short period
  • Must complete Antibiotic Course
  • LOWER USE OF ANTIBIOTICS
47
Q

One mechanism of resistance to Penicillin?

A

PENECILINASE PRODUCED ✏️

Biology (14 decks)

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