Unit 2 Flashcards
Define “INTERspecific variation”
Variation that exists between DIFFERENT species
Define “INTRAspecific” variation:
Variation that occurs WITHIN a species e.g. The number of “eyes” on peacock’s feathers
Why do scientists look at a sample of a population rather than the whole population?
- time-consuming
- impractical/impossible to catch all individuals
so, samples are used as MODELS for the whole population
Why does a population sample have to be chosen RANDOMLY?
- Prevent BIAS
* Ensure any variation observed isn’t due to CHANCE
How is each amino acid coded?
by a SEQUENCE OF 3 BASES, called a TRIPLET
!!!!IN A GENE!!!!
Genes in EUKARYOTIC DNA don’t code for Amino Acids, what are they called and when are they removed?
- Introns
- ((also contains regions of MULTIPLE REPEATS outside of genes))
• Protein Synthesis
How can a GENE MUTATION ➡️ NON-FUNCTIONING PROTEINS?
- Change in hydrogen/ionic bonds
- Alters primary and therefore, tertiary structure/active site
- Substrate cannot bind - no longer complementary
- No E-S complexes form
Why is comparing the BASE SEQUENCE OF A GENE better than comparing the AMINO ACID SEQUENCE?
- Introns don’t code for DNA
- DIFFERENT BASE TRIPLES CODE FOR THE SAME AMINO ACID
- DNA code is degenerate
• STOP/START Sequences
Explain the relationship between the SA:VOL ratio and their OXYGEN DISASSOCIATION CURVES of their HAEMOGLOBINS
- Smaller mammals have GREATER SA-Vol ratio
- therefore, more HEAT ? lost per unit BODY MASS
- also, greater rate of RESPIRATION
- OXYGEN required for respiration
- HAEMOGLOBIN releases OXYGEN more READILY - ⬇️ AFFINITY
How does a DOUBLE BLIND TEST improve reliability?
• PREVENTS BIAS, which may have otherwise occurred due to the VESTED INTEREST OF SCIENTISTS ?
- PREVENTS “PLACEBO” effect
- PREVENTS DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS from VOLUNTEERS
How could you use the graph to predict…
- use LINE of BEST FIT ➖
* EXTRAPOLATE then READ FROM GRAPH
Define an “Organ”
made up of
DIFFERENT
tissueS
Why does a LACK of protein lead to the build up of Tissue Fluid?
- WP not AS low
- LESS WATER REMOVED INTO CAPILLARY
- via Osmosis, INTO capillary
Define “Genetic Bottleneck”:
- Drop in population
- ⬇️ GENETIC VARIATION
- SMALLER gene pool
Why is _____ FERTILITY low?
- Mutation affecting SPERM CELL (in small population)
- ERRORS IN MEIOSIS
- Inbreeding
- HIGH CHANCE of inheriting allele
Why does the rate of water uptake ⬇️ when you cut off a plant’s leaves?
- ⬇️ SURFACE AREA
- FEWER STOMATA ?
- Less TRANSPIRATION
- LESS COHESION
Osmotic Lysis:
- CELL WALL production is INHIBITED
- LOWER WP in BACTERIUM
- Water enters and causes LYSIS
Ethical argument for MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY?
• Prevent EXTINCTION of animals and save them for FUTURE GENERATIONS
An economic argument for maintaining biodiversity?
- TOURISM ?
* COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
Deforestation’s effects?
- Fewer PLANT species ?
- Fewer HABITATS ?
- Fewer NICHES
- Fewer FOOD sources ?
- LESS PROTECTION FROM PREDATORS ?
How to identify “INTERPHASE”
- NO VISIBLE CHROMOSOMES
* VISIBLE NUCLEUS
If the Standard Deviation bars DO NOT overlap, what does that tell you?
ALSO!!! LOW Sds means RESULTS MORE RELIABLE ❗️❗️❗️
(differences) ARE significant and not due to chance ?
Why repeat the measurement several times?
- Identify Anomalies
* makes the AVERAGE MORE RELIABLE
Why Self-Report was less reliable?
RESULTS rely on their OWN JUDGEMENT
Some ppts may LIE/EXAGGERATE
Only contains the elements CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN?
STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA HELICASE
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
DEOXYRIBOSE
Made from AMINO ACID monomers?
STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA HELICASE
DNA HELICASE (enzyme, duh!)
Found in BOTH animal and plant cells?
STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEOXYRIBOSE, DNA HELICASE
DEOXYRIBOSE
DNA HELICASE
Why is HYDROGEN BONDING important in CELLULOSE molecules?
- Holds cellulose MOLECULES TOGETHER
- Providing STRENGTH/RIGIDITY
- HYDROGEN BONDS STRONG ? IN LARGE NUMBERS
Why may one organisms’s HAEMOGLOBIN have a diff. CHEMICAL structure from another organisms’s?
- Diff AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
* Diff PRIMARY STRUCTURE
Why is it important to make HYBRID samples of DNA from the SAME GENE?
- Base ? sequence will be SIMILAR
* COMPLIMENTARY PAIRS hence HYDROGEN BONDS would form
Why join plots with a STRAIGHT line and not a smooth curve? ➖➖
- CANNOT PREDICT
* Don’t know INTERMEDIATE values
Why does TRANSPIRATION RATE ⬆️ as WIND ⬆️
- Removes Water Vapour
- ⬆️ WATER POTENTIAL gradient
- MORE EVAPORATION
Why does TRANSPIRATION RATE ⬆️ as TEMPERATURE ⬆️?
- ⬆️ KINETIC ENERGY
- Water molecules MOVE FASTER ?
- INCREASES evaporation
Why does TRANSPIRATION RATE ⬆️ as LIGHT INTENSITY ⬆️?
- STOMATA open ?
- ?SYNTHESIS INCREASES
- TRANSPORTATION INCREASES
- MORE WATER PULLED UP
- COHESION between WATER MOLECULES
The diameter of the TRUNK of a tree was less at 12.00 than it was at 3pm, why?
- Water moves up at a FASTER RATE
- Water Column under TENSION ?
- Adhesion between water and xylem
- PULLS XYLEM IN
What is STANDARD DEVIATION?
a measure of SPREAD/VARIATION
Describe how scientists can carry out breeding experiments?
- WATCH COURTSHIP
* BREED YOUNG TOGETHER/observe mating
What does the FLAGELLUM do?
ENABLES MOVEMENT TOWARDS LIGHT
What is meant by “GENETIC DIVERSITY”
Difference in ALLELES/genes
what happens during “Metaphase”
- CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT MIDDLE
- SPINDLE FORMED
- CHROMATIDS ATTACH TO SPINDLE
What happens during “Anaphase”:
CENTROMERE SPLITS
CHROMATIDS PULLED APART
TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF CELL
Why can you use CALLS to investigate relationships between species?
Calls (Courtship Behaviour) is SPECIES SPECIFIC
GREATER similarity in calls, the closer the relationship
If there is more haemoglobin…
- MORE OXYGEN CAN BE TRANSPORTED
- FOR RESPIRATION
- MORE ENERGY RELEASED
- FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
- DELAYS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Why does MORE RED BLOOD CELLS lead to INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE?
- Blood is THICKER
* Blood is more “concentrated”
Why are older people more likely to be affected by a bacterium?
IMMUNE SYSTEM LESS EFFECTIVE
One measure for reducing ANTI-BIOTIC RESISTANCE?
- Use Cocktail ?
- High Doses for short period
- Must complete Antibiotic Course
- LOWER USE OF ANTIBIOTICS
One mechanism of resistance to Penicillin?
PENECILINASE PRODUCED ✏️
