Unit 2 Flashcards
What is meant by obedience?
A type of social influence whereby somebody acts in a response to a direct order from a figure with perceived authority. There is also the implication that the person receiving the order is made to respond in a way that they would not otherwise they have done without the order.
What is social influence?
How we are influenced by others either by a group (majority) or an individual (minority or obedience) to change our behaviour thinking and/or attitudes.
What is conformity?
A form of social influence that results from exposure to the majority position an leads to compliance with that position. People adopt the behaviour attitudes and values of other members of a reference group and change their behaviour.
What is minority influence?
A form of social influence where people reject the established norm of the majority group members and move to the position of the minority.
Describe the type of conformity Compliance.
Individual changes behaviour to fit in with the group.
Agree publicly but not privately.
Not permanent - only lasts for as long as group present.
Describe the type of conformity Identification.
Conforms publicly and privately because they feel as though they have identified with the group.
Change of belief or behaviour is often temporary.
Has elements of compliance and internalisation.
Describe the type of conformity Internalisation.
Belief becomes part of individuals own belief system.
Permanent - lasts after majority group gone.
Individual changes public and private views.
Name the 5 variations of Milgram’s study.
Presence of Allies Credibility of Authority Proximity of the victim Increasing the teachers discretion Proximity of the authority figure Males and females
What is a collectivist culture?
Social behaviour is determined largely by goals shared with the collective.
What is a individualist culture?
Peoples behaviour is determined primarily by personal goals that may or may not overlap the goals of their ‘collective’. For example their friends, family, and work.
List the 4 factors that can lead to people resisting the pressures to conform.
The role of allies
Group size
Moral considerations
Reactance/personality
Name the 4 explanations of obedience.
Gradual Commitment
Justifying Obedience
Agentic Shift
Role of Buffers
List 3 factors that can lead to people resisting pressures to obey.
Milgram’s study:
Harm being done to the victim is made clearer, and reduce the perceived authority of the person issuing the orders.
Moral Considerations
Social Heroism
Allen and Levine
Validity of social support
3 conditions in a Asch style task.
1. supporter had bad visions, wore glasses (invalid support)
2. the supporter had normal vision (valid)
Both reduced conformity but valid supporter had much more impact so valid social support more effective.
Hornsey et al.
Moral considerations
Found remarkably little movement towards the majority on attitudes that had moral significance for the individual (e.g. cheating) even when this involved public (rather than just private) behaviours.
Name the three definitions of abnormality.
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health
Name the six categories for deviation from ideal mental health.
Self attitudes Personal growth Integration Autonomy Mastery of the environment
Name the 4 factors in the biological approach
Genetic Inheritance
Viral Infection
Biochemistry
Neuroanatomy
What does the psychodynamic approach suggest is the cause of mental illness?
Unconscious motivations
Unresolved conflicts
Early experiences
What does the behavioural approach suggest is the cause of mental illness?
Social learning theory - behaviour is learned by watching others be rewarded and punished
Operant Conditioning - reinforcement
Classical Conditioning - association
What does the cognitive approach suggest is the cause of mental illness?
Faulty thinking
Individual is in control
Ellis A-B-C model
Becks cognitive triad
How do Benzodiazepines work?
Anti-anxiety drug
Increase action of GABA , bind to special sites of GABA receptor. More chloride ions enter channel stops neuron being stimulated by serotonin.
How do anti-depressant drugs work ?
Either reduce the rate of re-absorption of serotonin or block the enzyme which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter. Both increase amount of neurotransmitter available to excite neighbouring cells.
How do anti-psychotic drugs work?
Treat positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations/delusions). Atypical ones temporarily bind to dopamine receptors stopping dopamine binding to it and stimulating it.
Describe ECT
Unilateral/Bilateral Patient given anaesthetic/muscle relaxant and oxygen. Small amount of current for half second. Seizure lasts minute 3 times per week for 5
Describe Free Association
Expresses anything that comes into mind, uncensored, leads to other ideas/thoughts, therapist identifies key themes and associations.
Describe dream analysis
manifest content interpreted by therapist to latent content.
Describe projective tests
Shown shapes/ink blots and asked to interpret them. Anxieties emerge from the image.
State the stages of Systematic Desensitisation.
Relax Construct hierarchy Works way through staying relaxed Masters one moves onto next Eventually masters feared situation
Definition of SD
Based on behavioural approach
Used to treat phobias/behaviour problems
Client gradually exposed to threatening situation under relaxing conditions until anxiety reaction is extinguished.
State the 3 techniques used in REBT.
Challenging clients thoughts asking them to prove the accuracy of their beliefs.
Self instruction/self talking
Teaching client ways of acquiring coping strategies.
Name the 3 types of disputing.
REBT
Logical Disputing - logical?
Empirical Disputing - consistent with reality?
Pragmatic Disputing - lack of usefulness
What is the immune system ?
System of cells within the body that is concerned with fighting against antigen intruders such as bacteria or viruses. White blood cells identify and eliminate foreign bodies.
What is a life change ?
Events such as getting married or bereavement that necessitates a major transition in some aspects of our life. Thirty result in stress, however the amount of stress varies from person to person.
What is stress management?
The attempt to cope with he negative effects of stress through the reduction of the stress response. Based on changing a persons perception of the stressor or increasing the individuals perception of control
What is a daily hassle ?
Irritating frustrating distressing demands that to some degree characterise everyday transactions with the environment.
What are daily uplifts ?
They are minor positive experiences of life, for example receiving a compliment at work or feeling good about ones appearance.
Name the stages of Stress Inoculation Therapy
Conceptualisation phase
Skills acquisition phase
Application phase
