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Grade 9 Geography > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the crust?

A

solid, outer layer of the earth

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2
Q

What is a topographical map?

A

a map of surface feature, natural and human, drawn to scale

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3
Q

What is the core?

A

the central interior of the earth

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4
Q

What is the mantle?

A

the layer of the earth between the crust and the core

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5
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

the outer layer composed of slow moving molten rock

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6
Q

What is the mesosphere?

A

the inner layer of the mantle

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7
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

a rigid player made up of mantle and crust that sits on the asthenosphere

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8
Q

What is an oceanic plate?

A

a segment of the earth crust beneath sea level

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9
Q

What is a continental plate?

A

a segment of the earth crust above sea level

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10
Q

What is the order of the eras?

A

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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11
Q

What happened during the Precambrian era?

A

Precambrian Shields are formed

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12
Q

What happened during the Paleozoic era?

A

large parts of North American are covered by shallow seas, Appalachians formed

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13
Q

What happened during the Mesozoic era?

A

formation of Rocky Mountains begins, Innuitian Mountains formed, shallow seas in the interior of North America at various times

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14
Q

What was Pangaea?

A

a supercontinent that existed over 300 million years ago

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15
Q

What did the continents start to drift apart?

A

200 million years ago

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16
Q

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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17
Q

What is a convection current?

A

the circular movement of a liquid or gas undergoing convection in a limited space

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18
Q

What is convergent?

A

when two plates move toward each other and collide

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19
Q

What is divergent?

A

when two plates move away from each other forcing magma to rise and cool along the plate boundary

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20
Q

What is transform?

A

when two plates slide past each other creating friction

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21
Q

What can happen as a result of convergent?

A

Mountain formation
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Oceanic trenches

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22
Q

What can happen as a result of divergent?

A

Rifts (which become rift valleys) and ridges
Underwater volcanoes
Earthquakes

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23
Q

What can happen as a result of transform?

A

Strike-slip-faults

Earthquakes

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24
Q

What is a subduction zone?

A

area where one plate slides below another

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25
Q

What to subduction zones cause?

A

volcanism and earthquakes

26
Q

What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?

A

where 80% of the world’s earthquakes occur

27
Q

What is folding?

A

uplifting of sedimentary rock layers due to tectonic movements

28
Q

What is faulting?

A

tectonic movements that create faults in rock strata

29
Q

What is erosion?

A

the degradation and removal of rock material by water, wind or ice

30
Q

What is weathering?

A

the breakdown of rock by physical and chemical processes

31
Q

What is glaciation?

A

the process of being covered by glaciers or ice sheets

32
Q

What is deposition?

A

when material, being transported by erosion, is placed down

33
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

rock formed when grains of sand are moved by water/wind and get laid down in layers and compressed

34
Q

What is igneous rock?

A

rock formed when magma solidifies.

35
Q

What is metamorphic rock?

A

formed when igneous and sedimentary rocks change into new rock types through heat and pressure

36
Q

What is an air mass?

A

a huge body of air that has the characteristics of where it formed

37
Q

Where do winds blow air masses?

A

from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

38
Q

What are jet streams?

A

layers of fast moving, high altitude air that forms boundary between cold air masses from the north and warm air masses from the south

39
Q

What are westerlies?

A

the prevailing winds in Canada, travel from west to east

40
Q

What are prevailing winds?

A

winds that are most commonly found in an area

41
Q

What is a moderating effect?

A

effect that large water bodies have on climate over nearby land areas

42
Q

What are the characteristics of maritime climate?

A

Moderate temperature, High precipitation

43
Q

What are the characteristics of continental climate?

A

More extreme temperature, Low precipitation

44
Q

What are the numbers that determine whether a climate is maritime or continental?

A

25 degrees C, 1000 mm

45
Q

What is a windward slope?

A

the side of the mountain range that faces the wind and receives more precipitation

46
Q

What is a leeward slope?

A

the side of the mountain range that faces away from the wind and receives little precipitation

47
Q

What is a rain shadow?

A

area on the leeward side of the mountain that gets little precipitation

48
Q

What is relief precipitation?

A

precipitation created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier

49
Q

What is convectional precipitation?

A

precipitation caused by a hot summer day, when heated land warms the air causing it to condense and rise. This condenses air causes rainfall and thunder

50
Q

What is frontal rainfall?

A

rainfall caused by lighter, warmer air being forced to rise over colder, denser air

51
Q

What is climate change?

A

any change that occurs in climate over a long period of time

52
Q

What is global warming?

A

climate change that relates to an increase in the world temperatures due to a buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and natural fluctuations

53
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

the special property of the atmosphere that allows it to radiate reflected energy from the earth’s surface back to the earth

54
Q

What is permafrost?

A

soil that is permanently frozen

55
Q

What are deciduous trees?

A

broad leaf trees that lose their leaves in the winter

56
Q

What are coniferous trees?

A

trees that have cones and needle-like leaves

57
Q

Who proposed the theory of plate tectonics?

A

J. Tuzo Wilson

58
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

earth’s crust is divided into plates, which are in constant motion

59
Q

How do you calculate Total Annual Precipitation?

A

Sum of all monthly precipitation

60
Q

How do you calculate Annual Average Temperature?

A

Sum of all monthly temp / 12

61
Q

How do you calculate Temperature Range?

A

Highest temperature- lowest temperature

Grade 9 Geography (4 decks)

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