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Unit 1 and 2 > unit 2 2011 January > Flashcards

unit 2 2011 January Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important in cellulose molecules. Explain why

A

. Holds chains/cellulose molecules together/forms
cross links between chains/cellulose molecules/forms
microfibrils;
2. Providing strength/rigidity (to cellulose/cell wall);
3. Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers;

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2
Q 
A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to its
function in cells.
A

Compact/occupies small space/tightly packed;

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3
Q

What is the evidence from the diagram that haemoglobin has a quaternary structure?

A

More that one polypeptide/chain;

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4
Q

The total number of bases in the DNA of the α-polypeptide gene is more than 423.
Give two reasons why there are more than 423 bases.

A
  1. Stop/start sequences;
  2. Non coding DNA (in the gene)/introns/multiple
    repeats/junk DNA;
  3. Two chains/a non-coding strand/complementary base
    pairs;
  4. Addition of base by mutation;
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5
Q

The haemoglobin in one organism may have a different chemical structure from the
haemoglobin in another organism. Describe how

A

Different primary structure/amino acids/different number

of polypeptide chains;

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6
Q

Name the other three taxonomic groups to which fruit flies and
mosquitoes both belong.

A

Kingdom, phylum and class;;

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7
Q

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic relationship.

A

Shows evolutionary relationship;

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8
Q

Explain why it was important that they made samples of hybrid DNA from the same
gene.

A
  1. Base sequence will be similar/some bases in
    common;
  2. These bases will bind together/hydrogen
    bonds/complementary pairs
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9
Q

Explain what caused the DNA to separate at a higher temperature.

A
  1. Relationship is closer/more complementary
    bases/more base pairs;
  2. More hydrogen bonds;
  3. More heat energy needed (to separate bonds);
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10
Q

Variety B cannot produce fertile gametes. Use information in the table to explain why.

A

) 1. Odd number of chromosomes/33 chromosomes (in
leaf cell);
2. Chromosomes cannot pair/cannot undergo
meiosis/would result in half chromosomes/cannot
form haploid cells;

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11
Q

Use your knowledge of cell division to explain how growing variety B on a large scale
will affect the genetic diversity of bananas.

A

Low genetic diversity because they are produced by
mitosis;
Will all have the same DNA/genes/alleles/ will be
genetically identical/will be clones;
OR
Low genetic diversity because they are not produced by
meiosis;
No crossing over/independent segregation/will not be
genetically different;

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12
Q

What information is required to calculate an index of diversity for a particular community?

A

Number of a/each (species)

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13
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest and grow crops instead. Explain how this causes the
diversity of insects in the area to decrease.

A
  1. Lower diversity of plants/ few species of plants/less
    variety of plants/few plant layers;
  2. Few sources/types of food/feeding sites;
  3. Few habitats/ niches;
  4. Fewer (species of) herbivore so few (species of)
    carnivores;
  5. Aspect of agriculture (killing insects);
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14
Q

The gene that codes for this enzyme may be passed from one species of bacteria to
another species. Describe how.

A
  1. Horizontal (gene) transmission;

2. (Gene passed by) conjugation/through pilus;

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15
Q

Use your knowledge of enzyme action to explain why the different
sort of penicillin is effective in treating the infection.

A

Shape
1. Different penicillin has different shape/structure/
enzyme/active site has specific shape/structure;
Binding
2. No longer fits/binds to active site/not complementary
to active site/does not form E-S complex;
Consequence
3. (Different) penicillin not broken down;

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16
Q
  1. Kills pathogenic/harmful bacteria/pathogens;
  2. Disease less likely/improves health/animals
    healthier/reduces spread of infection;
  3. Faster growth/more productive animals/more food
    converted to meat/greater survival/lower vet‟s
    bills/increased yield/less energy (for „fighting
    infection‟);
A
  1. Kills pathogenic/harmful bacteria/pathogens;
  2. Disease less likely/improves health/animals
    healthier/reduces spread of infection;
  3. Faster growth/more productive animals/more food
    converted to meat/greater survival/lower vet‟s
    bills/increased yield/less energy (for „fighting
    infection‟);
17
Q

Adding antibiotics to the food of cattle is now banned in many countries. Use your
knowledge of selection to explain why adding antibiotics was banned.

A
  1. (Adding antibiotics) selects in favour of antibiotic
    resistance/resistant bacteria more likely to survive;
  2. Increase in numbers/higher proportion of resistant
    bacteria;
  3. May infect humans/may spread resistance to other
    species/ horizontal transfer;
18
Q

Suggest an explanation for the difference in transpiration rate between
conditions A and B.
A)Still air 15degrees 1.2
B )Moving air 15degrees 1.7

A
  1. Removes water vapour/moisture/saturated air;
  2. Increases water potential gradient/more
    diffusion/more evaporation;
19
Q

Suggest an explanation for the difference in transpiration rate between
conditions A and C.
A)Still air 15degrees 1.2
C )still air 25degrees 2.3

A
  1. Increases kinetic energy;
  2. Water molecules move faster;
  3. Increases diffusion/evaporation;
20
Q

Explain the change in the rate of water movement through the xylem between
06.00 and 12.00 hours.

A
  1. Stomata open;
  2. Photosynthesis increases/transpiration increases;
  3. More water pulled up;
  4. Cohesion between water molecules/by cohesion
    tension;
21
Q

Arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart.
Explain how the structures of the walls of arteries and arterioles are related to their
functions.

A 
Elastic tissue
1) Elastic tissue stretches under pressure/when heart
beats;
2) Recoils/springs back;
3) Evens out pressure/flow;
Muscle
4) Muscle contracts;
5) Reduces diameter of lumen/vasoconstriction/constricts
vessel;
6) Changes flow/pressure;
Epithelium
7) Epithelium smooth;
8) Reduces friction/blood clots/less resistance

Unit 1 and 2 (11 decks)

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