Unit 2 Flashcards
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, and bones of thorax
appendicular skeleton
lower and upper limbs
how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?
33
primary curve
thoracic and sacrococcygeal
secondary curve
cervical and lumbar
kyphosis
exaggerated posterior curve of thoracic region
“hunchback”
lordosis
exaggerated anterior curve of lumbar region
- common in pregnant women
scoliosis
a lateral curve of lumbar or thoracic region
true ribs
ribs 1-7
false ribs
ribs 8-10
floating ribs
11 and 12
C1
atlas
C2
axis
special feature of axis?
dens
special feature of atlas?
NO body!
special feature of thoracic vertebrae?
facets for ribs
special feature of cervical vertebrae?
transverse foramina
special feature of lumbar vertebrae?
large body
deep back muscles
erector spinae
- from lateral to medial*
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
deep back muscles - inn.
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
pectoral girdle
scapula and clavicle
bones of upper limb
humerus radius ulna 8 carpals 5 metacarpals 14 phalanges
retraction
scapula moves posteriorly
protraction
scapula moves anteriorly
“hug”
elevation
scapula moves superiorly
“shrug shoulders”
depression
scapula moves inferiorly
supination
palms up
pronation
palms down
posterior axioappendicular muscles
trapezius levator scapulae rhomboid major rhomboid minor latissimus dorsi
trapezius - origin
nuchal ligament, spinous process of C1-T12
trapezius - insertion
spine, acromion, and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
trapezius - action
elevation, retraction, and depression of the scapula
trapezius - inn.
spinal accessory n.
CN XI
levator scapulae - origin
transverse process of C1-4
levator scapulae - insertion
superior medial scapula
levator scapulae - action
elevation of scapula
levator scapulae - inn.
dorsal scapular n.
rhomboid major/minor - origin
spinous processes of C7-T5
rhomboid major/minor - insertion
medial scapula
rhomboid major/minor - action
retraction of the scapula
rhomboid major/minor - inn.
dorsal scapular n.
latissimus dorsi - origin
spinous processes of T7-12, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
latissimus dorsi - insertion
intertuburcular groove (humerus)
latissimus dorsi - action
extension, ADduction, and medial rotation of the arm
latissimus dorsi - inn.
thoracodorsal n.
anterior axioappendicular muscles
serratus anterior
pectorals major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior - origin
ribs 1-8
serratus anterior - insertion
anterior/medial scapula
serratus anterior - action
protracts scapula/hold scapula to the body
serratus anterior - inn.
long thoracic n.
pectoralis major - origin
ribs 2-6
sternum
medial 1/2 of the clavicle
pectoralis major - insertion
crest of the greater tubercle
pectoralis major - action
medial rotation and adduction of arm
pectoralis major- inn.
medial and lateral pectoral nn.
pectoralis minor - origin
ribs 3-5
pectoralis minor - insertion
coracoid process of the scapula
pectoralis minor - action
protraction of the scapula
pectoralis minor - inn.
medial pectoral n.
scapulohumeral muscles
supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major deltoid
what muscles make up the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
supraspinatus - origin
supraspinous fossa
supraspinatus - insertion
greater tubercle
supraspinatus - action
ABduction of the arm (initial 15°)
supraspinatus - inn.
suprascapular n.
infraspinatus - origin
infraspinous fossa
infraspinatus - insertion
greater tubercle
infraspinatus - action
lateral rotation of the arm
infraspinatus - inn.
suprascapular n.
teres minor - origin
lateral/posterior scapular surface
teres minor - insertion
greater tubercle
teres minor - action
lateral rotation of the arm
teres minor - inn.
axillary n.
subscapularis - origin
subscapular fossa
subscapularis - insertion
lesser tubercle
subscapularis - action
medial rotation of the arm
subscapularis - inn.
upper and lower subscapular n.
teres major - origin
inferior/posterior scapular surface
teres major - insertion
crest of the lesser tubercle
teres major - action
adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the arm
teres major - inn.
lower subscapular n.
deltoid - origin
spine/acrominon of scapula
lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
deltoid - insertion
deltoid tuberosity
deltoid - action
ABduction of the arm (after 15°)
deltoid - inn.
axillary n.
anterior arm muscles
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis - origin
coracoid process
coracobrachialis - insertion
medial humeral shaft
coracobrachialis - action
flexion and adduction of arm
coracobrachialis - inn.
musculocutaneous n.
biceps brachii LH - origin
supraglenoid tubercle
biceps brachii SH - origin
coracoid process
biceps brachii LH & SH - insertion
radial tuberosity
biceps brachii LH & SH - action
flexion and supination of forearm
biceps brachii LH & SH - inn.
musculocutaneous n.
brachialis - origin
anterior humerus mid-shaft
brachialis - insertion
ulnar tuberosity
brachialis - action
flexion of forearm
brachialis - inn.
musculocutaneous n.
posterior arm compartment
triceps brachii
- long head
- medial head
- lateral head
triceps brachii LH - origin
infraglenoid tubercle
triceps brachii MEDIAL HEAD & LATERAL HEAD - origin
posterior humeral shaft
triceps brachii - insertion
olecranon process
triceps brachii - action
extension of forearm
triceps brachii - inn.
radial n.
anterior forearm is the…
flexor side
posterior forearm is the…
extensor side
radialis is toward which side? and at least does what action?
thumb side
ABducts the wrist
ulnaris toward which side? and at least does what action?
pinky side
Adducts the wrist
thumb is also called
pollicus
superficial anterior forearm
pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis
pronator teres - action
pronation of the forearm
pronator teres- inn.
median n.
flexor capri radialis - action
flexion of the wrist
ABduction of the wrist
palmaris longus - action
flexion of the wrist
palmaris longus - inn.
median n.
flexor carpi ulnaris - action
flexion of the wrist
ADduction of the wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris - inn.
ulnar n.
flexor digitorum superficialis - action
flexion of the wrist
flexion of digits 2-5
flexor digitorum superfcialis - inn.
median n.
deep anterior forearm
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
flexor digitorum profundus - action
flexion of the wrist
flexion of digits 2-5
flexor digitorum profundus - inn.
median n. (digits 2/3)
ulnar n. (digits 4/5)
flexor pollicis longus - action
flexion of the wrist
flexion of the thumb
flexor pollicis longus - inn.
median n.
pronator quadratus - action
pronates forearm
pronator quadratus - inn.
median n.
superficial posterior forearm
brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulanaris anconeus
brachioradialis - action
flexion of the forearm
brachioradialis - inn.
radial n.
extensor carpi radialis longus - action
extension of the wrist
ABduction of the wrist
extensor carpi radialis longus - inn.
radial n.
extensor carpi radialis brevis - action
extension of the wrist
ABduction of the wrist
extensor carpi radialis brevis - inn.
radial n.
extensor digitorum - action
extension of the wrist
extension of digits 2-5
extensor digitorum - inn.
radial n.
extensor digiti minimi - action
extension of the wrist
extension of 5th digit
extensor digiti minimi - inn.
radial n.
extensor carpi ulnaris - action
extension of the wrist
ADduction of the wrist
extensor carpi ulnaris - inn.
radial n.
anconeus - action
extension of the forearm
anconeus - inn.
radial n.
deep posterior forearm
supinator
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor indicis
supinator - action
supination of the forearm
supinator - inn.
radial n.
abductor pollicis longus - action
ABduction of the thumb
extension of the thumb
abductor pollicis longus - inn.
radial n.
extensor pollicis brevis - action
extension of the thumb
extensor pollicis brevis - inn.
radial n.
extensor pollicis longus - action
extension of the thumb
extensor pollicis longus - inn.
radial n.
extensor indicis - action
extension of the index finger
extensor indicis - inn.
radial n.
muscles of the hand
thenar eminence (3) hypothenar eminence (3) lumbricals (4) adductor pollicis palmar and dorsal interosseous (8) palmaris brevis
thenar eminence
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
what nerve inn. the thenar eminence?
median n.
hypothenar eminence
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
opponens digiti minimi
what nerve inn. the hypothenar eminence?
ulnar n.
lumbricals 1 & 2 are inn. by?
median n.
lumbricals 3 & 4 are inn. by?
ulnar n.
what is the action of the lumbricals?
flex at the MP joint
extend at the IP joint
“table top”
adductor pollicis is inn. by?
ulnar n.
what action is produced by palmar interosseous?
adduction of the digits (PAD)
what action is produced by the dorsal interosseous?
ABduction of the digits (DAB)
what nerve inn. the interosseous muscles?
ulnar n.
palmaris brevis does what?
protect ulnar n. and ulnar a. as they cross the wrist
insignificant in movement
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 PAIRS
how many cervical spinal nerves?
8
how many thoracic spinal nerves?
12
how many lumbar spinal nerves?
5
how many sacral spinal nerves?
5
how many coccygeal spinal nerves?
1
how many vertebrae are there?
33
cord levels of brachial plexus
C5-T1
where are the C1-C7 spinal nerves compared to their respective vertebrae?
ABOVE
from C8 and below, where are the spinal nerves compared to their respective vertebrae?
BELOW
rami
ventral rami C5-T1, emerge in upper neck
trunks
upper, middle, and lower form in lower neck
divisions
anterior and posterior, split off deep to clavicle
cords
medial, lateral, and posterior, form axillary region
branches
5 terminal branches, forms off the 3 cords
cord levels of musculocuaneous n.?
C5-C7
cord levels of ulnar n.?
C8-T1
cord levels of median n.?
C5-T1
cord levels of radial n.?
C5-T1
cord levels of axillary n.?
C5-6
where is the dorsal scapular n.?
beaches directly off ventral ramus C5
what does the dorsal scapular n. inn.?
rhomboids and levator scapulae
where is the long thoracic n.?
formed directly off ventral rami C5-7
what does the long thoracic n. inn.?
serratus anterior
where is the suprascapular n.?
branches off the upper trunk
what does the suprascapular n. inn.?
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
where is the medial pectoral n.?
branches off the medial cord
what does the medial pectoral n. inn.?
pectoralis major and minor
where is the lateral pectoral n.?
branches off the lateral cord
what does the lateral pectoral n. inn.?
pectoralis major
where is the upper subscapular n.?
branches off the posterior cord
what does the upper subscapular n. inn.?
subscapularis
where is the thoracodorsal n.?
branches off the posterior cord
what does the thoracodorsal n. inn.?
latissimus dorsi
where is the lower subscapular n.?
branches off the posterior cord
what does the lower subscapular n. inn.?
subscapularis and teres major
what is the blood supply in the right UL?
left ventricle ascending aorta arch of the aorta brachiocephalic trunk (artery) right subclavian a.
what is the blood supply in the left UL?
left ventricle
ascending aorta
arch of the aorta
left subclavian a.
what are the ABC’s of the aorta?
arch of aorta
brachicephalic a.
left carotid
left subclavian
what are the major branches of the axillary a.?
thoracoacromial a. lateral thoracic a. subscapular a. anterior circumflex humeral a. posterior circumflex humeral a.
what are the branches of the subscapular a.?
circumflex scapular a.
thoracodorsal a.
what are the major branch of the brachial a.?
deep brachial a.
how does the brachial a. terminate?
radial and ulnar aa.
what are the superficial veins of the UL?
cephalic v.
basilic v.
median cubital v.
where does the cephalic v. open?
axillary v.
what does the basilic v. do?
help form axillary v.
what does the median cubital v. do?
connects basilic and cephalic vv.
what are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?
trapezius (superior)
medial border of the scapula (lateral)
latissimus dorsi
what are the boundaries of the triangular space?
teres minor (superior) trees major (inferior) long head of triceps brachii (lateral)
what are the contents of the triangular space?
circumflex scapular vessels
what are the boundaries of the quadrangular space?
teres minor (superior) teres major (inferior) long head of triceps brachii (medial) shaft of the humerus (lateral)
what are the contents of the quadrangular space?
posterior circumflex vessels
axillary n.
what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
pronator teres (medial)
brachioradialis (lateral)
line between epicondyles of humerus (superior)
brachialis and supinator (floor)
what are the contents of the cubital fossa?
biceps brachii tendon (lateral) brachial artery (middle) median nerve (medial)
what is superficial to the cubital fossa contents?
median cubital v.
what are the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?
abductor pollicis longus tendon and extensor pollicis brevis tendon (anterior)
extensor pollicis longus tendon (posterior)
what are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox?
radial a.
what causes a herniated disc?
rupture of the annulus fibrosus portion of the intervertebral disc
nucleus pulposus “leaks” posterior-lateral and can compress nerve
patient has “winged scapula” meaning the medial border of the scapula protrudes from their back when asked to protract. damage to what causes this?
long thoracic n.
patient will present with atrophy of the deltoid muscle and unable abduct their arm beyond 15°. damage to what causes this?
axillary n.
what is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?
9 tendons
- 4: flexor digitorum superficialis
- 4: flexor digitorum profundus
- 1: flexor pollicis longus
1 nerve
- median n.
what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
inflammation of the tunnel. median n. is compressed causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the thenar eminence
patient has “claw hand” when asked to straighten their fingers. damage to what causes this?
ulnar n.
patient has “wrist drop” meaning their hand is constantly in the flexed position. damage to what causes this?
radial n.
