Unit 2

Question 1

Bone functions

Answer 1

1.Support and protection
2.Movement
3.Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
4.Storage of inorganic salts

Question 2

What are the two kinds of marrow that occupies the medullary cavities and the larger central canals of bone?

Answer 2

1.Red marrow
-Occupies spongy bone of skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae and pelvis. It makes red blood cells, while blood cells and platelets
2.Yellow marrow
-Stores fat and occupies mot cavities of bone in adults

Question 3

Bone classification

Answer 3

1.Long
-long with expanded ends(arm and leg bones)
2.Short
-equal in length and width (wrist and ankles)
3.Flat
-plate like shape with broad surface(ribs, scapula)
4.Irregular
-varied shape, (vertebrae)

Question 4

Structure of long bone

Answer 4

1.Epiphyses
-expanded ends of bonds that form joints
2.Articular cartilage
-covers the epiphyses
3.Diaphysis
-the shaft of bone
4.Medullary cavity
-hollow chamber in diaphysis filled with bone marrow
5.Endosteum
-thin layer of cells that line medullary cavity
6.Periosteum
-thick layer of dense connective tissue that covers bone

Question 5

Bone cells?

Answer 5

Osteocytes
-mature bone cells, trapped In the matrix

Question 6

Compact bone

Answer 6

-makes up walls of diaphysis
-osteocytes and extracellular matrix are organized into osteons that are cemented together
-central canals contain blood vessels and nerves
-transverese perforating canals help osteones share blood supply and nerves

Question 7

Spongy bone

Answer 7

-made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix that lie within trabeculae
-epiphyses are filled with spongy bone, which reduces weight of skeleton

Question 8

Bones cells

Answer 8

Osteoblast-Building cells, below the periosteum
Osteoclasts-Clobbering cells, under the endosperm

Question 9

When blood calcium is too hight

Answer 9

-Osteoclasts are inhibited by calcitoning
-they deposit bone metrics

Question 10

When blood levels of calcium are low?

Answer 10

-Osteoclasts release calcium from bone under the influence of the parathyroid hormone

Question 11

What affects bone development, growth and repair?

Answer 11

1.Nutrition
2.Hormonal secretions
-growth hormone stimulates division of cartilage cells
-sex hormones stimulate bone formation of epiphyseal plates to end growth in height
3.Physical exercises
-when muscles pull on bones it stresses the bone which will uas eat to increase in thickness and strength.

Question 12

Bone fractures

Answer 12

1.Partial-incomplet break
2.Complete-complete break across bone
3.Closed- the fractured bone does not break through skin
4.Open-The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

Question 13

Skeletal organization

Answer 13

1.Axial skeleton
-consists of bone and cartilaginous parts that support and protect head neck and trunk
2.Appenidcular skeleton
-Consists of bones of upper and lower limbs and bone that anchor limns to axial skeleton

Question 14

The skull

Answer 14

• Made up of 22 bones, 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, 3 bones in each middle ear

Question 15

Bones of the cranium

Answer 15

-Encloses and protects the brain
-Provides attachments for muscles
-Contains air filled paranasal sinuses

Question 16

Bones of facial skeleton

Answer 16

-Contains 13 immovable bones and a movable Lower jawbone
-These bones form basic shape of face, provide attachments for muscles that move had and control facial expressions

Question 17

The infantile skull

Answer 17

Fontanels-membranous areas of incomplete intramembranous ossification, allow bone movement during childbirth and brain growth

Question 18

Vertebral column

Answer 18

-Forms vertical axis of skeleton
-runs from skull to pelvis
-supports head and trunk and protects spinal cord

Question 19

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 19

-seven bones comprise the neck and support head
-passage way for blood vessels to and from brain

Question 20

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 20

-12 thoracic vertebrae in thoracic region
-large and strong
-bodies become larger can bear more weight

Question 21

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 21

-5 lumbar vertebrae in small of the back
-support weight of body
-large and strong, adapted for weight bearing

Question 23

Sacrum and Coccys

Answer 23

1.Sacrum
-triangular structure at base of vertebral column
-consists of 5 fused vertebrea
2.Coccyx
-tailbone
-forms lowest part of vertebral column
-composed of 4 fused vertebrae

Question 24

Thoracic cage

Answer 24

-Consists of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilages
-Supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs
-plays a role in breathing

Question 25

Ribs

Answer 25

-12 pairs of ribs
-superior 7 pairs are TRUE RIBS
-inferior 5 pairs are FALSE RIBS because they do not reach sternum directly like true ribs do

Question 26

Sternum

Answer 26

-along anterior midline of thoracic cage
-upper manubrium, middle body and lower xiphoid process

Question 27

Pectoral girdle

Answer 27

1.Clavicles(collarbones)
-elongated, S shaped bones located at base of neck, that function to brace the scapulae
2.Scapulae(shoulder blades)
-broad triangular bones on either side of upper back.

Question 28

Upper limbs

Answer 28

1.Humerus
-long bone extending from scapula to elbows
-only bone of upper arm
2. Radius
-located on thumb side of forearm, from elbow to wrist
3.Ulna
-longer of the 2 bones of forearms. medial to radius

Question 29

Upper limbs:the hand

Answer 29

Wrist
-made up of 8 carpal bones
-arranged into 2 rows of 4
-the entire group is called the carpus
Fingers
-each composed of 3 phalanges
-thumb only has 2 phalanges

Question 30

The pelvic girdle

Answer 30

-Consist of two coal hip bones
- pelvis consist of sacrum, coccyx and pelvic gridle
-Supports trunk of body on lower limbs

Question 31

Coxal bones

Answer 31

Each one is made up pf 3 bones
-Illium, largest and upper most portion of hip bone
-Ischium, forms l shaped, posterior portion, supports weight during sitting
-Pubis, constitutes the anterior portion of each hip bone

Question 32

Lower limbs

Answer 32

1.Femur
-longest bone in body extends from hip to kneww
2.Patella
-situated in the tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee
3.Tibia
-weight bearing
larger of 2 lower leg bones, found on medial side
4.Fibula
-slender bone lying lateral to the tibia

Question 33

Lower limbs:The foot

Answer 33

1.Ankle(tarsus)
-7 tarsal bones
-the heel bone supports the body weight
2.Instep
-5 long metatarsal bones
-form arches of foot along with tarsals
3.Toes
-3 phalanges: proximal, middle, distal phalanx
-middle toe lacks middle phalanx