Unit 2

Question 1

What are the main three components of cell theory?

Answer 1

The cell is the basic unit of life.

All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

New cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

What type of cell is the simplest organism?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

What type of cell has no sub-cellular organelles?

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cell

Question 4

In a ______ cell, the cell wall is outside the plasma membrane.

Answer 4

Prokaryotic

Question 5

In prokaryotic cells, why is the cell wall outside the plasma membrane?

Answer 5

It protects against osmotic stress (drying out or swelling up due to water retention).

Question 6

TRUE OR FALSE: Prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes

Answer 6

True

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE: All prokaryotic cells have a flagellum

Answer 7

False. Some have flagellum, but not all

Question 8

What is the flagellum?

Answer 8

A “propeller” that allows the cell to move

Question 9

Bacteria is a _____ cell

Answer 9

prokaryotic

Question 10

Animal and plants cells are ______

Answer 10

eukaryotic

Question 11

The ______ ______ _____ is dotted with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Answer 11

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

The _____ ______ ______ has no ribosomes, and the function varies.

Answer 12

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Repository of the (majority) genetic information (DNA).

Answer 13

Nucleus

Question 14

The _____ _____ is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and contains nuclear pores.

Answer 14

Nuclear envelope

Question 15

Controls the passage in and out of the nuclear envelope

Answer 15

Nuclear pores

Question 16

Flattened stacks of interconnected membranes (Golgi bodies)

Answer 16

Golgi Apparatus

Question 17

Packages and distributes molecules synthesized at one location and used at another (the UPS system of the cell)

Answer 17

Golgi Apparatus

Question 18

The _____ _____ has cis and trans faces.

Answer 18

Golgi apparatus

Question 19

cis means

Answer 19

closest to the nucleus

Question 20

trans means

Answer 20

closest to cell membrane

Question 21

In the Golgi Apparatus, ________ transport molecules to destination.

Answer 21

vesicles

Question 22

The mitochondria contains how many membranes?

Answer 22

2

Question 23

What are the 2 membranes in mitochondria?

Answer 23

The outer membrane and the inner membrane

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE: mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes

Answer 24

True

Question 25

On the _____ membrane are proteins that carry out cellular respiration (in mitochondria)

Answer 25

inner

Question 26

Contain digestive enzymes that can break down many different types of molecules

Answer 26

lysosomes

Question 27

Help recycle materials and "clean up" damaged or non-functional organelles

Answer 27

lysosomes

Question 28

How some immune cells degrade infectious agents

Answer 28

lysosomes

Question 29

What is the function of centrosomes?

Answer 29

to organize microtubules

Question 30

A centrosome is made up of how many centrioles?

Answer 30

two

Question 31

Centrosomes duplicate during _____ ______ and are key components of chromosome segregation.

Answer 31

cell division

Question 32

What is a cytoskeleton made up of?

Answer 32

The cytoskeleton is made up of 2 major types of rigid filaments.

Question 33

_____ made up of actin subunits

Answer 33

actin

Question 34

_______ made up of tubulin subunits

Answer 34

microtubules

Question 35

While more pronounced in plant cells, both plant and animals cells have what?

Answer 35

vacuoles

Question 36

A _____ _____ in plants helps regulate the volume of water inside a cell as well as waste collection/disposal.

Answer 36

central vacuole

Question 37

_____ in animal cells tend to be used for storage

Answer 37

vacuoles

Question 38

Chloroplasts are the site of ___________.

Answer 38

photosynthesis

Question 39

What is the site of photosynthesis in a plant cell?

Answer 39

chloroplasts

Question 40

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

Answer 40

3 membranes. 2 that wrap around the entire organelle and a 3rd that forms the thylakoids.

Question 41

TRUE OR FALSE: Do chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes?

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Simple diffusion

Answer 42

movement across membrane without energy or help from a protein.

Question 43

Only ______ molecules diffuse across the membrane without help

Answer 43

non-polar (uncharged) **water is the exception

Question 44

uses transmembrane proteins called channels or carriers

Answer 44

facilitated diffusion

Question 45

______ can often switch between closed and open based on signaling molecules

Answer 45

channels

Question 46

____ change conformation in response to the molecule they transport

Answer 46

carriers

Question 47

In active transport energy in the form of ___ is _____ to move molecules across membrane, _____ their concentration gradient.

Answer 47

ATP, required, against

Question 48

Active transporters are often referred to as _______

Answer 48

pumps

Question 49

ligand

Answer 49

signaling molecule

Question 50

receptor protein

Answer 50

molecule to which the ligand binds

Question 51

Interaction of the ligand and receptor protein initiates the process of _____ ______, which converts the information in the signal into a cellular response

Answer 51

signal transduction

Question 52

What are the four basic mechanisms for cellular communication?

Answer 52

1. Autocrine 2. Direct contact 3. Paracrine signaling 4. Endocrine signaling

Question 53

In _____ ____ ligands are passed directly from one cell to its neighbor through a gap junction

Answer 53

direct contact

Question 54

Ligand is _____ outside of a cell

Answer 54

never

Question 55

Signal released from a cell has an effect on nearby cells. Coordinates clusters of neighboring cells

Answer 55

paracrine signaling

Question 56

Nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells. Association of neuron and target cell is a chemical synapse.

Answer 56

Paracrine signaling - synaptic signaling

Question 57

Hormones released from a cell travel through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout the body

Answer 57

endocrine signaling

Question 58

Which type of cell contain lysosomes?

Answer 58

Animal cell

Question 59

What type of cell contains chloroplast and a central vacuole?

Answer 59

Plant cell

Question 60

What type of cell has pili and flagellum?

Answer 60

Prokaryotic cell

Question 61

What 4 things do animal, plant, and prokaryotic/bacteria cells share in common?

Answer 61

They ALL contain DNA, ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

Question 62

What do animal and plant cells have in common?

Answer 62

They have mitochondria, a nucleus, centrosomes, microtubules, golgi apparatus, and a smooth and rough ER.

Question 63

What do plant and prokaryotic cells have in common?

Answer 63

They both have a cell wall

Question 64

Where are phospholipids found?

Answer 64

In the plasma membrane

Question 65

A phospholipid is composed of a _____ head and a ______ tail.

Answer 65

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Question 66

What is the head of a phospholipid made of?

Answer 66

A phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 67

What is the tail of a phospholipid made of?

Answer 67

Two fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid)

Question 68

What structure is formed when many phospholipids are immersed in water?

Answer 68

A phospholipid bilayer sheet or bilayer sphere

Question 69

What is movement like in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 69

High concentration to low concentration

Question 70

What is movement like in simple diffusion?

Answer 70

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

Question 71

What is movement like in active transport?

Answer 71

Low concentration to high concentration

Question 72

Autocrine signals are produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released.

Answer 72

Autocrine signaling

Question 73

Ligands are passed directly from one cell, its neighbor, through a gap junction

Answer 73

Direct signaling

Question 74

Signal released from a cell has an effect on nearby cells. Coordinates clusters of neighboring cells.

Answer 74

Paracrine signaling

Question 75

Nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells. Association of neuron and target cell is a chemical synapse.

Answer 75

Synaptic signaling

Question 76

Hormoes released from a cell travel through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout the body.

Answer 76

Endocrine signaling

Question 77

In _____ signaling a cell targets itself.

Answer 77

autocrine

Question 78

In signaling across ____ ______, a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions.

Answer 78

gap junctions

Question 79

In _____ signaling a cell targets a nearby cell.

Answer 79

paracrine

Question 80

In _____ signaling a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream.

Answer 80

endocrine