unit 2 Flashcards
what is metabolism
controlled pathways of enzyme catalysed reactions within the cell
catabolism
break down large molecules to small molecules
release energy (atp)
anabolism
small molecules build up to large molecules
use energy (atp)
what are the three metabolic pathways
irreversible
reversible
alternative
what types of proteins are found in the cell membrane
pumps
pores
enzymes
what are pores
large molecules depend on channel forming proteins to form pores to allow movement across the membrane
what r pumps
specialised protein pumps are used during active transport to transfer molecules/ions across the membrane
enzymes
r biological catalysts
what factors affect enzyme activity
temperature
pH
supply of substrate
inhibitors
what r enzymes controlled by
inhibitors
what r the three mechanisms of enzyme inhibition
competitive
non competitive
feedback
how do competitive inhibitors work
compete with substrate for the active site
can block active site
reversable
how do non competitive inhibitors work
attach to non active site on enzyme
this changes enzyme shape
no substrate can fit
how do feedback inhibitors work
at the end
the end product inhibits an earlier enzyme
this blocks pathway so prevents further synthesis at end product
respiration
is a series of enzyme controlled reactions that generates (ATP) by the release of energy from food
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm in cell
what do dehydrogenase enzymes do
they remove hydrogen ins and electrons from intermediaries
where does the citric acid cycle occur
central matrix of the mitochondria
what is regenerated in citric acid cycle
oxaloacetate
what happens to pyruvate in citric acid cycle
broken down to acetyl group
binds with coenzyme A
forms acetyl coenzyme
where does the electron transport chain occur
inner membrane of the mitochondria
what is the final hydrogen and electron acceptor
oxygen
when does fermentation occur
when no oxygen
what gets build up during fermentation
lactate
what is a calorimeter
measures the heat produced by an organism
this heat is transferred to surrounding water
how can metabolic rate be measured as
oxygen consumption per unit of time
carbon dioxide production over a period of time
energy production (heat) over a period of time
how does a respirometer work
measures oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide output
what type of circulatory system does a fish have
single
1 atrium
1 ventricle
what type of circulatory system do amphibians have
double incomplete
2 atria
1 ventricle
blood mixes
can diffuse oxygen from moist skin
what type of circulatory system do mammals and birds have
2 ventricle
2 atria
efficient
what is a conformer
when the internal environment is dependant on the external environment
what is a regulator
when the internal environment does not rely on the external environment
what is negative feedback control
when the bodys internal environment deviates from normal it is detected by receptors
where are the receptors located
skin
how does the receptors communicate
through hypothalamus
it sends appropriate impulses to effectors to trigger corrective feedback
predictive dormancy
occurs before the arrival of adverse conditions
genetically controlled
consequential dormancy
organism becomes dormant after the arrival of adverse conditions
what is migration
is the regular movement of members of a species from one place to another over a relatively long distance
inate
when a migratory behaviour is inherited
why are microorganisms used by scientists
their adaptability
ease of cultivation
speed of growth
cell culture
the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions
what needs to be controlled while cell culture
sterility
temp
ph
oxygen levels
vector
dna used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell
what can be used as a vector
artificial chromosomes
plasmids
what cuts the plasmids open
restriction endonuclease
