Unit 2 Flashcards
American Revolution
How was the relationship between Britain and France?
Britain and France hated each other for centuries (century = 100 years)
What did France and Britain argue over in North America?
In North America the two countries argued over who owned the Ohio River Valley.
Why did the Native Americans choose to ally with the French?
Most of the Native Americans sided with the French (“f” for fur trade) who just wanted to trade, while the British wanted to take land from the Natives (political reason).
Who lead a small battle fought against the French near the Ohio River, what was there age, how many colonists fought, and what was the outcome?
Under the lead of 21-year old George Washington, 150 colonists fought a small battle with the French near the Ohio River, but were defeated.
What was the Albany Plan of Union and who created it?
Benjamin Franklin suggested the colonies join together under the Albany Plan of Union so they could be stronger against the French.
When did Britain officially declare war on France and its allies (friends) during the French and Indian War?
In 1756, Britain officially declared war on France and her allies.
How was the beginning of the French and Indian War, and who joined that impacted the war?
Although the British lost a majority of their forts at the beginning of the war, the tide turned whenever William Pitt took charge.
What was William Pitt’s plan for winning the war?
Pitt decided that Britain would pay for the war no matter the cost, and after the war make the colonists pay their fair share.
What cities did the British capture to make the French surrender?
After the British captured the cities of Quebec and Montreal, then France surrendered.
Who signed the Treaty of Paris of 1763 and what did it do?
France signed the Treaty of Paris of 1763 and gave the Ohio River Valley to the British.
Who issued the Proclamation of 1763 and what did it do?
King George III, however, issued the Proclamation of 1763 that did not allow the colonists to cross the Appalachian Mountains.
What was a cause of the French and Indian war?
After the French and Indian War, the British were in debt and needed money.
What were the effects of the French and Indian war?
The British decided to pass more taxes on the colonists and punish the colonists who smuggled (sneak in) goods.
What was the writs of assistance, when, and who established it? How did this effect relationship that the colonists had with the British?
-In 1767, King George III issued writs of assistance which allowed British officers to search any location for smuggled goods.
-The colonists began to greatly dislike the British.
What was the Sugar Act and when was it made?
In 1763, the Sugar Act actually lowered the tax on sugar but allowed officers to take goods from smugglers without having to go to court.
What was the Stamp Act and when was it made?
In 1765, the Stamp Act placed a tax on all paper goods in the colonies.
What was the Declaratory Act and when was it made?
In 1766, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament had the right to tax the colonists if they wanted.
What was the Townshend Act and when was it made?
In 1767, the Townshend Act taxed glass, tea, paper, and lead.
How did the colonists react to these taxes and why?
The colonists were furious with these taxes because they were being taxed without having any vote in the British government.
What was the rally cry of the colonists and what did it mean?
The colonists rally cry was “No Taxation Without” Representation!” and believed in consent (permission) of the governed.
Who created the Sons of Liberty, where, and why?
Samuel Adams formed the Sons of Liberty in Boston to protest the taxes by boycotting British goods.
What was the Boston Massacre?
In 1770, British troops and colonists in Boston Massachusetts got into a fight in which 5 colonists were killed.
Who engraved the Boston Massacre and did that signify?
The event was engraved by Paul Revere and used as prpaganda to get more colonists to hate the British.
Who was Crispus Attucks?
Crispus Attucks (African American, also a minority) was the first of the 5 colonists to be killed during the Boston Massacre.
What was the Committee of Correspondence?
The Committee of Correspondence was a group dedicated to informing the other colonies about the Boston Massacre and other events.
Who was Merci Otis Warren?
Merci Otis Warren (women = minority) wrote many pieces of propaganda against the British (negative news about the British).
Who was Abigail Adams?
Abigail Adams (minority = women) also wrote for the Patriot cause and for women’s rights.
What was the Boston Tea Party, when did it occur, who lead it, and where did it occur?
In 1773, to protest the Tea Act, Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty dumped over a million dollars’ worth of British tea into Boston harbor.
What is civil disobedience?
Civil disobedience is protesting peacefully to make a point.
What law did King George the III pass in response to the Boston Tea Party and what did it do?
King George III was furious and passed the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) which closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid back money for the tea (hurts their economy).
What else did the King of Britain at the time enforce as a result of the Boston Tea Party?
The King also forced the colonists to house, or quarter, British redcoats (officers) in their homes.
What did the 1st Continental Congress consist of?
55 men from thirteen colonies (except Georgia) met together in Philadelphia to act a political body for the colonies.
What did the 1st Continental Congress do when they met in Philadelphia? What was one grievance that the colonists had against the British?
-The Congress wrote a list of grievances (complaints) against Britain and asked them to repeal (cancel) all their taxes.
-The main grievance that colonist had against the British were that they were not being represented in British government.
What did Paul Revere do in/during Lexington and Concord?
Paul Revere alerted minutemen in Lexington that British troops (redcoats) were marching from Boston to Concord to capture colonist weapons at Concord.
Who did the Redcoats fight against at Lexington and what was the outcome?
The Redcoats fought through the minutemen at Lexington, but were defeated at Concord by the colonists.
What were the first battles of the American Revolution referred to as?
These first battles of the American Revolution are called the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World.”
What were patriots referred to as?
Patriots were colonists who wanted to fight against Britain and start their own country.
What were loyalists referred to as?
Loyalists were colonists who remained loyal to Britain and did not want to fight a war against Britain.
What was the 2nd Continental Congress?
After the Battle of Lexington and Concord, the delegates (representatives) from the colonies met again in Philadelphia.
What did the Congress create when the 2nd Continental Congress came together?
The Congress created the Continental Army and made Washington their commander-in-chief.
What did the Congress send the King when the 2nd Continental came together?
The Congress sent King George III the Olive Branch Petition which asked for peace and fair treatment.
What was Common Sense and who was it written by?
Small pamphlet written by Thomas Paine.
What did Common Sense state and what did it persuade?
-It boldly stated that the 13 colonies should separate completely from Britain and become their own country.
-It persuaded many colonists to become Patriots and fight to gain freedom from Britain.
Who helped write/draft the Declaration of Independence?
Written (drafted) by Thomas Jefferson, however Benjamin Franklin and John Adams were also on the committee that helped.
What was the Declaration of Independence consisted of?
The Declaration listed 27 grievances against the king and stated the colonies were now their own country.
When was the Declaration of Independence signed and by who was it signed?
On July 4th, 1776, the delegates of the 2nd Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence.
What did the Unalienable Rights mean according to what important document?
According to the Declaration of Independence, these were rights that you are born with that cannot be taken away without due process.
What were the Unalienable Rights (as stated in the Constitution)?
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain Unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”
What did John Locke believe in?
John Locke believed in life, liberty, and property were not protected by the government, the government should be altered (changed) or abolished (to destroy).
What were the British advantages during the American Revolution?
-Britain maintained the best navy in the world.
-Britain had an experienced, well-trained army.
-Britain was very wealthy.
-Britain’s population was around 8 million.
What were the Patriot’s advantages during the American Revolution?
-The Patriot’s fought on their own land.
-The Patriots were fighting for their freedom.
-The Patriots had George Washington as their leader.
What was the turning point in the American Revolution and why?
The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war because the colonists’ victory led to France becoming an ally [friend and supporter] of America.
Who was Marquis de Lafayette?
Marquis de Lafayette was a French nobleman that fought for America.
Who was Bernardo de Galvez?
Bernardo de Galvez led Spanish armies against the British near the Mississippi River.
When was the Winter at Valley Forge, who led it, and what was it?
In 1777, George Washington and his troops camped at Valley Forge for the bitterly cold winter.
What ran low at Winter Valley Forge and what did it cause?
The army ran low on food, clothes, and shoes and many soldiers deserted (left).
At Winter Valley Forge, how was the end of the harsh winter
-At the end of the harsh winter, the soldiers were well-trained and ready to fight.
-Baron Von Steuben trained the soldiers to fight
-“V” in “Valley” for going down/bleak/bad
How was fighting at sea for the British and Americans during the American Revolution?
-The British navy blockaded American ports so no supplies could come in or out.
-Americans used privateers (spies) to sneak through blockades and even destroy British ships
Who was John Paul Jones?
-John Paul Jones was the greatest American naval hero.
-Founders of the navy
-American naval hero that stated, “I have not yet begun to fight!”
How was fighting in the south and who impacted fighting in the South?
-Although the British won battles in the south, they were not able to control the countryside [rural areas]
-Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”
Who was Francis Marion?
-Francis Marion “Swamp Fox” and his men were successful because of using the guerilla warfare technique that the British were helpless against.
-Impacted the fight in the south
What was the benefit of using guerilla warfare?
The benefit of using guerilla warfare was that the British were helpless against it.
How did the events of the Battle of Yorktown go, who was involved, and where and when was it?
-In 1781, General Cornwallis and his Redcoat (British) troops were on the coast (along the water) of Virginia, at Yorktown.
-Washington surprised Cornwallis by attacking him on land while French ships attacked from the sea.
-Washington captured two British generals, including Cornwallis, resulting in the British surrendering.
-Last battle of the American Revolution
Who went to negotiate a treaty (agreement to end war) with Britain during the American Revolution?
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay went to Paris to negotiate a treaty (agreement to end the war) with Britain.
Did Britain agree to end the war with the colonists or not?
-Britain agreed to stop fighting and recognized that America was its own country.
-Also known as the treaty of Paris of 1783
What were America’s new borders after the Treaty of Paris of 1783?
America’s borders were now the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.
Who was Patrick Henry?
Patrick Henry- “Give me liberty, or give me death”, translating to freedom or die.
Who was Wentworth Cheswell?
Wentworth Cheswell- fought in Revolution, warned “British are coming”, first AA (African American) to be elected to public office.
Who was Haym Solomon?
Haym Solomon- Jewish merchant who helped finance the war effort for the Patriots.
What is civic virtue?
Do the right thing for your community.
Who set examples as to how Americans should act towards their community?
-Washington, Adams, Paine, Jefferson, Franklin (Founding Fathers) set examples as to how Americans should act towards their community.
What is an example of civic virtue?
Ex: Paul Revere riding all night to warn his fellow colonist about the British heading their way.
What is an example of civic virtue in today’s society?
An example of civic virtue in today’s society is jury duty and voting.
