Unit 2 Flashcards
nurse is aware of the importance of potassium and sodium for normal physiologic functions of a client. The rapid movement of potassium and sodium in actions is known as:
A. primary active transport.
B. vesicular transport.
C. endocytosis.
D. exocytosis.
A.
Which describes the function of the nucleus?
A. It is basically the site of protein synthesis in the body.
B. It initiates the process of aerobic metabolism.
C. It contains the genetic code for the individual.
D. It is the transformer of cellular energy.
C. Genetic code
When exercising outside on an extremely warm day, the client can feel his heart pounding very rapidly. Thinking in terms of the ability of the aorta to stretch to accommodate more blood circulating during exercise and the warm environment, this is an example of the function of which fibrous protein?
A. Ligaments
B. Elastin
C. Collagen
D. Reticular
Clear Response
B. Elastin
When describing the structures of the cell membrane, how does the pathophysiology instructor identify the various roles/functions this membrane is responsible for? Select all that apply.
A. Acts as a filter so that small water molecules remain within the cell wall
B. Holds and binds receptors for hormones
C. Participates in the conduction of electrical currents in muscle cells
D. Separates intracellular environment from extracellular environment
E. Place where various proteins attach to the lipid bilayer
BCD
Which type of epithelium is found in the lining of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and alveoli of the lungs?
A. Stratified epithelium
B. Simple squamous epithelium
C. Pseudostratified epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
B.
A nurse practitioner (NP) has been asked to speak with the local high school track team about health, wellness, and nutrition. One of the athletes asks about the differences in the physiology of the energy used in sprinting versus long-distance running. Which response is the best answer?
A. The energy utilization is dependent entirely upon diet and not how it is expended.
B. Sprinters use explosive energy, and distance runners use slow, steady energy.
C. Distance runners utilize ATP generated via anaerobic glycolysis, and sprinters utilize ATP generated via aerobic metabolism.
D. Sprinters utilize ATP generated via anaerobic glycolysis, and distance runners utilize ATP generated via aerobic metabolism.
D
The nurse is assigned to care for the client with primary ciliary dyskinesia. What effect does this syndrome have on the body that the nurse should be aware of? Select all that apply.
A. Hearing impairment
B. Sinus aplasia
C. A reversal of the thorax and abdominal organs
D. Peripheral neuropathy
E. Bronchiolitis
BCE
Which type of cell in tissue produces the extracellular matrix that supports and holds the tissues together
A. Connective tissue
B. Nerve tissue
C. Skeletal tissue
D. Muscle tissue
A. Connective
When cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called:
• active transport.
• cotransport.
• passive transport.
• neutral transport.
A. Active
The cells of the client’s epithelial tissue are tightly bound together by specialized junctions. Select the junctions primarily responsible for preventing cell separation.
• Occluding junctions
• Nexus junctions
• Adhering junctions
• Continuous tight juncti
C. Adhering
Which physiological process best describes the removal of microorganisms (such as bacteria), toxins, and cellular debris from the body?
• Phagocytosis
• Meiosis
• Hemolysis
• Anaerobic metabolism
A. Phagocytosis
The nurse is caring for a child newly diagnosed with a lysosomal storage disease. What instruction should the parents receive?
• This condition interferes with cellular respiration.
• Consider genetic testing if you plan to have more children.
• Your child can live a normal life with medications.
• A low-protein diet will help manage your child’s condition.
B. Consider genetic testing if you plan to have more children
The nurse educates a client with a suspected myocardial infarction (MI) about the blood test to evaluate troponin levels. The nurse knows the education has been successful when the client says:
• “This test is specific to components found in my heart muscle.”
“A result below 2 micrograms indicates I have no heart damage.”
• “My lifestyle changes will help this level drop quickly.”
• “An elevated level means I need to increase calcium intake.”
A. This test is specific to components found in my heart muscle
Which stage of a cell’s life cycle is where the preparation of mitosis occurs?
GO
•M
• G1
• s
Clear Response
G1
Which of the following is true about a cell’s cytoplasm? Select all that apply.
• The cell serves as its own digestive system.
The cell manufactures messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (RNA), and transfer RNA (IRNA).
• The cell is where protein is synthesized.
The cell transports substances within the cell.
• The cell contains organelles.
ACDE
Cell signaling systems help with communication through a process that requires a variety of first messengers. Which are examples of first messengers? Select all that apply.
• Protein hormones
• Steroids
■ Neurotansmitters
_ Growth factors
_ Protein kinases
ABCD
The nurse is aware that to maintain homeostasis a client may experience a variety of physiologic processes. The process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from an area of less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, resulting in equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane, is known as:
• Osmosis
• Endocytosis
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
A. Osmosis
Select the type of energy production that occurs in the mitochondria with the Krebs cycle.
• Aerobic metabolism
• Glycolysis
• Glyconeogenesis
• Anaerobic glycolytic pathway
A. Aerobic metabolism
Which type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure translates the instructions needed for protein synthesis?
• Polymerase RNA
• Messenger RNA
• Ribosomal RNA
• Transfer RNA
C. Ribosomal RNA
Chapter 3
nurse is caring for four clients. Which client is at greatest risk for high blood levels of lead?
• A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home
• A 30-year-old office worker with asthma
• A 62-year-old smoker with hypercalcemia
A 17-year-old student who takes a woodworking class
A.
The nurse is caring for a toddler brought into the emergency department for suspected lead toxicity. Which condition or sign is the cardinal indicator of lead toxicity?
• Muscle weakness
• Fever
• Anemia
• Nausea and vomiting
C.
pregnant client reports that she constantly craves tuna sandwiches and eats one every day. The nurse determines that the client is at greatest risk for:
A. high caloric content of the tuna causing an increase in weight gain.
B. developing intolerance to red meat consumption.
C. increased mercury levels that may affect fetal development.
D. low protein values of tuna.
C. Increased mercury levels
Select the statement that best describes apoptosis.
• Unregulated by enzymatic digestion of cell components
• The release of productfof cell death is uncontrolled.
• Responsible for initiating an inflammatory response
• Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells
D.
An adult client who recently worked in an overseas metal smelter has developed several symptoms that cause the care team to suspect lead poisoning. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse attribute to this problem? Select all that apply.
A. Atrial fibrillation
B. Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
C. Elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
D. Jaundice
E. Dental caries
BC
client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be:
• endocrine stimulation.
• ischemia.
• reinnervation.
• overuse.
B. Ischemia
A nurse is caring for a client with a leg wound. When planning care for the client, the nurse considers that the injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:
A. increased fat load.
B. altered permeability.
C. increased surface receptors.
D. altered glucose use.
B.
What information should be included in the teaching plan of care for the parents of a child diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease?
A. Symptoms are often noted at birth.
B. The disorder involves tissue hyperplasia.
C. The primary organ affected is the heart.
D. The disorder involves accumulation of abnormal lipids.
D.
Which intervention should a nurse stress when teaching clients how to avoid exposure to lead in their environment? Select all that apply.
A. Adult exposure to the same amounts of lead as young children will have more damage to cells.
B. Not everyone has a reaction to lead.
C. Root vegetables can contain more lead than other vegetables.
D. Lead can contaminate soil.
E. Avoid flaking paint.
CDE
The nurse is caring for a client with compensatory hyperplasia. What is the most likely cause of the hyperplasia?
A. Pregnancy
B. Benign prostate enlargement
C. Skin warts
D. Partial hepatectomy
D. Partial hepatectomy
A client has developed dystrophic calcification as a result of macroscopic deposition of calcium salts. The tissue that would be most affected would be:
A. injured tissue.
B. normal tissue.
C. regenerated tissue.
D. dead tissue.
A. Injured tissue
client has just learned that his liver has regenerated following partial removal of the liver due to trauma. This regeneration is due to which physiologic principle?
A. Metaplasia
B. Compensatory hyperplasia
C. Exogenous product accumulation
D. Intracellular hypertrophy
B.
client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker recognizes these manifestations as:
• dry gangrene.
• moist gangrene.
• internal gangrene.
• gas gangrene.
B. Moist gangrene
Which statement is true concerning dysplasia? Select all that apply.
A. Dysplasia results in cell growth that produces a variety of specific tissue cell shapes.
B. Dysplasia is seldom reversible.
C. Dysplasia can result from chronic irritation.
D. Dysplasia is known to frequently exist in the respiratory tract.
E. Dysplasia is a strong precursor of cancer.
A.CDE
nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the value of including foods containing antioxidants in their diet. Which statement best captures the rationale underlying the nurse’s advice?
A. Antioxidants prevent the formation of superoxide dismutase.
B. Antioxidants inhibit the actions of reactive oxygen species.
C. Antioxidants react nonspecifically with molecules.
D. Antioxidants prevent the occurrence of cell dysplasia.
B
