Unit 2 Flashcards
(325 cards)
1
Q
What invention is associated with the year 1877?
A
the phonograph
The phonograph was one of the first devices to record and reproduce sound.
2
Q
Which invention was developed in 1897?
A
the electric light bulb
The electric light bulb revolutionized indoor lighting and extended productive hours.
3
Q
What significant weapon was invented in 1882?
A
the recoil operated machine gun
This type of machine gun utilized the recoil from firing to cycle the weapon.
4
Q
What year was the Kodak camera introduced?
A
1888
The Kodak camera popularized photography by making it accessible to the general public.
5
Q
What automotive milestone occurred in 1893?
A
the Ford car
The Ford car marked the beginning of the automotive industry as we know it today.
6
Q
What innovation related to photography was developed in 1885?
A
coated photographic paper
Coated photographic paper allowed for better image quality in photography.
7
Q
Which major discoveries and inventions occurred in 1895? (List at least three)
A
- Freud publishes his studies on hysteria
- X-rays discovered
- Radio telegraph invented
- Lumiere brothers invent the movie camera
These advancements significantly impacted medicine, communication, and entertainment.
8
Q
What technological breakthrough in sound recording occurred in 1903?
A
the magnetic recording of sound
Magnetic recording was pivotal for the development of audio technology.
9
Q
What was the first voice radio transmission, and when did it occur?
A
1903
This marked the beginning of radio communication as a medium.
10
Q
What significant achievement did the Wright brothers accomplish in 1903?
A
made their first powered flight
This event is considered a landmark in the history of aviation.
11
Q
In what year did Einstein formulate his theory of relativity?
A
1905
Einstein’s theory of relativity fundamentally changed the understanding of time, space, and gravity.
12
Q
The formulation of Einstein’s theory of relativity ushered in which major era?
A
the nuclear age
This theory laid the groundwork for advancements in nuclear physics.
13
Q
What contributed to the popularity of postcards?
A
Changes in postal regulations and the invention of the halftone printing process.
14
Q
What was a common use for postcards?
A
They were collected and sent to friends and family.
15
Q
How many postcards were sent between 1907 and 1908?
A
More than 667 million postcards were sent.
16
Q
What were popular subjects for postcards?
A
Tourist spots, news events, images of non-Western peoples, erotic images, American farms, factories & cities, natural wonders, and cowboys.
17
Q
What is Naturalistic Photography?
A
Naturalistic Photography is a style that emphasizes capturing images as they are seen in nature, focusing on selective focus and realism.
18
Q
Who wrote Naturalistic Photography?
A
Naturalistic Photography was written by Peter Henry Emerson.
19
Q
What idea did Emerson reject in Naturalistic Photography?
A
Emerson rejected the idea of art as primarily a means of personal and emotional expression.
20
Q
How did Emerson view works of imagination?
A
Emerson derided works of imagination as untrue.
21
Q
What did Emerson believe a photograph should do?
A
Emerson believed a photograph should echo what the human eye sees in nature.
22
Q
What did Emerson’s pictures emphasize in his book?
A
Emerson’s pictures for his book, Life and Landscape of the Norfolk Broads, emphasized the unchanged relationship of people to the land.
23
Q
What did Emerson later publish regarding his theory?
A
Emerson later published a pamphlet titled ‘The Death of Naturalistic Photography,’ rejecting his own theory.
24
Q
Why did Emerson reject his own theory?
A
Emerson thought his theory limited the individuality of the artist.
25
What was the goal of the Pictorialism movement?
To elevate photography to the status of art object and raise aesthetic experience to a paramount life goal.
26
What do Pictorialists believe about the camera?
They believe that the camera could engage the feelings and senses.
27
Which writer influenced the Pictorialism movement?
Emerson's writings.
28
What is a key characteristic of Pictorialism regarding industrialization?
There is a disdain for industrialization and mass-produced goods.
29
What type of photography is associated with Pictorialism?
Impressionistic photography, which renders a personal response to a subject.
30
What is the Gum-Bichromate Process?
A process favored by Pictorialists that allowed pigment to be added to a print.
31
What were popular subjects in Pictorialist photography?
Agrarian life, simplicity, fog & shadows, women & nudes.
32
What are some stylistic features of Pictorialism?
Tonal complexity, soft-focus (fuzzygraph), evocative & expressive style, and a distaste for distracting details.
33
What type of paper was commonly used for Pictorialist prints?
Textured paper.
34
How were negatives and prints treated in Pictorialism?
They were handworked.
35
What is the Photo-Secession?
An organization created by Alfred Steiglitz in 1902 to advance photography as applied to pictorial expression.
36
What was the purpose of the Photo-Secession?
To draw together Americans interested in art and to hold exhibitions not limited to the productions of the Photo-Secession or American work.
37
What is Camera Work?
A periodical on photography published by Steiglitz from 1903 to 1917.
38
What was Gallery 291?
A gallery founded by Steiglitz that regularly showed work of Pictorialist photographers and modern art, including Picasso.
39
What was the Armory Show?
A significant exhibition held in Gallery 291 featuring 1300 pieces of modern European art.
40
What did Steiglitz's series of cloud studies represent?
His belief that the ordinary world abounded with evocative symbols.
41
What was a popular theme of Pictorialist art regarding women?
Association of women with nature and domesticity.
42
What was the general acceptance of women in photography during the Pictorialist Movement?
There was a general acceptance of women practicing photography at this time (i.e. the Kodak Girl).
43
Why were women believed to be better at portraiture in the Pictorialist Movement?
Women were believed to have a more intuitive understanding of the sitter's personality and a wider range of emotional response than men.
44
How did Anne Brigman portray women in her photography?
Anne Brigman often portrayed women as spirits or souls of trees, rocks, water, and photography itself.
45
Who was Gertrude Kasebier?
One of the most successful American portrait photographers of the early 20th Century.
46
What themes did Gertrude Kasebier often focus on in her work?
Her work often focused on mother and child relationships and implicit storytelling.
47
What significant exhibitions featured Gertrude Kasebier's work?
Her work was featured in the first exhibition of the Photo-Secession and in the first issue of Camera Work.
48
What is the title of one of Gertrude Kasebier's notable portraits?
Gertrude Kasebier, Portrait - Miss N. (Evelyn Nesbitt), 1902.
49
What company began manufacturing the Kodak camera in 1888?
The Eastman Dry Plate Company.
50
Who was the Kodak camera intended for?
Casual use by middle-class consumers.
51
What was the fixed focus feature of the No. 1 Kodak?
It came loaded with a roll of film (paper coated in light-sensitive emulsion) for 100 exposures.
52
What happened after all exposures were made with the No. 1 Kodak?
The camera would be sent back to the company to process, make prints, and reload film.
53
What was the diameter of the circular prints produced by the No. 1 Kodak?
2.5 inches.
54
What impact did the Kodak camera have on photography?
"Snapshots" were mostly personal pictures, reducing the number of professional portrait photographers.
55
How did the Kodak camera change the perception of photography?
It deepened the association between informality and photographic truth.
56
What is an example of an early Kodak print?
Photographer Unknown, Untitled, 1888, Early Kodak Print.
57
Who is Jacob Riis?
Jacob Riis was an immigrant from Denmark who arrived in 1870 and worked as a police reporter in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, focusing on the slums.
58
How did Jacob Riis present his photographs?
He often presented his photographs as Lantern slide shows to middle-class audiences.
59
What is the title of Jacob Riis's work?
"Flashes from the Slums: Pictures Taken in Dark Places by the Lightning Process"
60
What technique did Jacob Riis use to illuminate his subjects?
He used magnesium flash powder to illuminate subjects.
61
What effect did the magnesium flash powder have on Riis's photographs?
It created an intense white light that captured the shock on subjects' faces, registering as candid and objective.
62
What quality did Riis's photographs resemble?
His photographs resembled the spontaneity of snapshots.
63
Did Jacob Riis's images raise ethical questions?
Yes, they prompted questions about whether the images were intrusive and if they lacked sympathy.
64
Who was Lewis Hine?
Lewis Hine was a photographer who taught at New York's Ethical Culture School.
65
What was the purpose of Lewis Hine's photographs of immigrants?
He aimed for students to have the same regard for contemporary immigrants as they have for the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock.
66
What organization did Lewis Hine freelance for?
He freelanced for the National Child Labor Committee (N.C.L.C.).
67
What was the goal of the National Child Labor Committee?
The N.C.L.C. attempted to reform child labor by urging legislation to control hiring practices.
68
How did Lewis Hine gain access to facilities for his work?
He often assumed a false identity.
69
What is a 'photo story'?
A 'photo story' is a narrative composed of pictures and words for publication.
70
Who is Eadweard Muybridge?
Eadweard Muybridge is known for his series of images that explored the movement of horses.
71
What question did Muybridge's images answer?
They answered the question: do all four legs of the horse leave the ground when the horse runs?
72
What method did Muybridge use to capture the images?
He lined a raceway with 15-foot-wide sheeting and used 12 cameras.
73
How did the cameras capture the horse's movement?
As the horse rushed past, its hooves tripped cotton threads, triggering the shutters of the cameras.
74
What was the significance of Muybridge's cameras?
The cameras could see what the human eye could not.
75
What was the primary goal of Muybridge's Animal Locomotion?
To create a visual dictionary of human and animal locomotion for artists.
76
How many images did Muybridge produce in two years?
10,000 images depicting movement.
77
What technique did Muybridge use to construct new sequences?
He would take single images from different sequences, re-photograph them, and print them to give the illusion of movement.
78
Were Muybridge's constructions scientifically verifiable?
No, they may not be verifiably scientific for the analysis of locomotion.
79
What did Muybridge's cinematic montages provide?
A new way of seeing movement.
80
Who invented the gun camera?
Etienne-Jules Marey invented the gun camera, which was based off of the rotating bullet chamber of a revolver.
81
What did the gun camera produce?
The device produced a sequence of separate images on one disk.
82
What is chronography?
Chronography is a system developed by Marey that allowed for sequential motion, suggestive of flowing or uninterrupted movement.
83
What device did Muybridge invent in 1879?
Muybridge invented the zoopraxiscope, a device that combined the magic lantern and the zoetrope (projection).
84
What is the kinetoscope and who invented it?
The kinetoscope, invented by Thomas Edison, illuminated a 50ft piece of film in front of a magnifying glass at 40 frames per second - 'peep show.'
85
Who invented the film projector and in what year?
The Lumiere brothers invented the film projector in 1895.
86
What was the Spanish-American War?
A conflict that occurred in Cuba between Spain and the United States from April 1898 to August 1898.
87
Why is the Spanish-American War referred to as the first 'living-room' war?
It was called the first 'living-room' war due to the amount of newspaper and photographic coverage.
88
What fueled the conflict in the Spanish-American War?
Inflammatory newspaper articles about atrocities committed in Cuba by Spain and the coverage of the U.S. Maine battleship sinking.
89
Who was James 'Jimmy' Hare?
A well-known war photographer particularly recognized for his coverage of the Spanish-American War.
90
How did the press influence public opinion during World War I?
During WWI, the press practiced self-censorship and did not seek to undermine government pronouncements.
91
What measures were taken regarding photographs and news stories during WWI?
Photographs and news stories were censored by the military to protect clandestine operations and keep morale high on the home front.
92
What was prohibited in terms of imagery during WWI?
Brittain prohibited making images of corpses or scenes of conflict.
93
What was the relationship between soldiers' experiences and public awareness during WWI?
There was a gulf between the experience of soldiers and public awareness.
94
What restrictions were placed on photographers during WWI?
Photographers were eventually banned from the Western Front.
95
What initiative did the military experiment with regarding photography?
The military experimented with having official photographers.
96
How did soldiers document their experiences during WWI?
Many soldiers had their own cameras and documented their experience.
97
Who was Lt. John Warwick Brooke?
Lt. John Warwick Brooke was a British Army Photographer known for rare images from WWI showing actual combat.
98
What notable event did Lt. John Warwick Brooke capture in 1917?
He captured an officer leading the 9th Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) over the top under the cover of a creeping barrage, near Arras, France.
99
What is photojournalism?
Photojournalism is the practice of conveying news through photographs.
100
What was the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung known for?
It pioneered the photo-essay.
101
What type of newspaper is the Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung?
It is a left-wing paper that fostered humanitarian causes and critiqued capitalism.
102
Who founded the Illustrierter Beobachter?
It was founded by the Nazi party.
103
When was Life Magazine founded?
Life Magazine was founded in 1936.
104
What influenced Life Magazine?
It was influenced by photo-essays.
105
When was Picture Post founded?
Picture Post was founded in 1938 in Britain.
106
What type of content did Picture Post feature?
It was influenced by photo-essays.
107
What is the Daily Mirror?
It is a London women's magazine.
108
What is the New York Daily News known for?
It is a tabloid newspaper known for sensational news.
109
What was the significance of the January 13, 1928 cover of the Daily News?
It featured the headline 'Tom Howard, Dead!' regarding the execution of Ruth Snyder.
110
What were common photo formats in the late 19th century?
Mass-manufactured images like carte-de-visite and stereographs were common in homes.
111
How were images selected in the early 20th century?
Images were selected by photo editors and advertising designers, circulated for a short period, and then replaced by new images.
112
What significant camera was introduced in 1924?
The Leica 35mm Film camera was introduced.
113
What replaced magnesium flash powder in 1925?
Magnesium flash powder was replaced by a safer flashbulb.
114
What is a tabloid?
A compact journal with sensational photos and little text.
115
What is rotogravure?
A printing process that allowed photographs and text to be intermingled.
116
When did image transmission systems become inexpensive?
They became inexpensive with the founding of the Associated Press Wirephoto division in 1935.
117
What are evergreen features?
Non-time linked single-topic photo series about a person, place, or event.
118
Who is Erich Salomon?
A photographer known for his work at the Hague Conference in 1930.
119
What is Constructivism?
A period from 1913 - 1920s during which Russian avant-garde artists rejected traditional easel painting and 'art for art's sake' in favor of utilitarian designs intended for mass production.
120
What influence did Constructivism have?
It influenced Lissitzky and the Russian avant-garde, though not all Russian avant-garde artists were strictly Constructivists.
121
What was the impact of the Russian Revolution (1917) on art?
It placed revolutionary socialists in power who held utopian ideas driven by technology.
122
Who is El Lissitzky?
A politically committed artist who renounced self-expression and easel painting, advocating for the use of technology to create a new society.
123
What are characteristics of the Russian avant-garde style?
Geometric forms, non-realistic intersecting planes, odd camera angles, close-ups, and multiple exposures.
124
How did the Russian avant-garde style challenge traditional art?
It flattened the one-point-linear perspective of Renaissance painting intended for morally bankrupt wealthy elites and obstructed traditional habits of seeing.
125
What is the title of El Lissitzky's work from 1920?
The Constructor
126
What did Gustav Klutsis want to achieve with his art?
He wanted to construct iconic representations for a new mass audience.
127
Who did Gustav Klutsis want his images to be understood by?
He desired for his images to be understood by the illiterate as well as the educated.
128
What is photomontage?
A technique popular with experimental artists and photographers after World War I, where images from sources like advertising and newspapers were cut and reassembled to form composite images. Sometimes drawing or paint was applied.
129
What could the final photomontage picture be prepared for?
The final picture might be photographed or prepared for mechanical reproduction.
130
What is the title of the work by Gustav Klutsis mentioned?
Elect Entire Country, 1920.
131
What is Dada?
A reaction to the devastation of World War I and the cultural and aesthetic conventions that preceded it.
132
Where did Dada originate?
During a meeting of writers, artists, and poets at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, Switzerland during WWI.
133
Who wrote the Dada Manifesto and when?
Tristan Tzara wrote the Dada Manifesto in 1918.
134
What are some characteristics of Dada?
Favored accident and chance in the making of their work, interest in the absurd, the random, and the ridiculous.
135
How did Dadaists utilize humor?
They used humor and word play to examine the relationship between language and art.
136
What is a Readymade?
Prefabricated, often mass-produced objects isolated from their intended use and elevated to the status of art by the artist choosing or designating them as such.
137
What is a photomontage?
A technique used in Dada art, involving the combination of various photographic images.
138
Who created the Zurich Dada example 'Schadograph 24b'?
Christian Schad created Schadograph 24b in 1920.
139
What technique was used in Schadographs?
A contact printing process where objects were placed on top of light-sensitive paper and exposed to light.
140
What year did Hannah Höch's Cut with a Kitchen Knife premiere?
Cut with a Kitchen Knife premiered at the First International Dada Fair in Berlin in 1920.
141
What does Hannah Höch's work critique?
It critiques the Weimar Republic, capitalism, and modern European society.
142
What was the Weimar Republic?
The Weimar Republic was a democratic government in Germany between the end of WWI in 1918 and the rise of the Nazis in 1933.
143
What does the diversity of mass-media sources in Höch's piece signify?
It testifies to the proliferation of newspapers and journals post-WWI.
144
What is a characteristic of photomontage meanings?
Photomontage meanings were often difficult to decipher.
145
What is significant about the medium of photomontage?
The medium of photomontage is one of change.
146
What is the full title of Hannah Höch's 1919 work?
Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany.
147
What is the Surrealist Manifesto (1924) about?
It announced the primacy of the irrational and the belief in a truth beyond realism.
148
How did Surrealists differ from Dadaists in their approach?
Surrealists advocated for the transformation of human perception and experience through greater contact with the inner world of imagination, rather than emphasizing social change on a state level.
149
Who influenced Surrealist thought?
Sigmund Freud.
150
What are the characteristics of the conscious mind?
It is dictated by reason and social constraints.
151
What does the unconscious mind encompass?
It includes instincts, desires, and unprocessed experiences.
152
What techniques did Surrealists use to access the unconscious?
Transcribed dreams, recorded trance, and automatic writing.
153
What did Surrealists believe about 'primitive' art and myth?
They believed it bypassed conscious, rational thought to reach into the fertile unconscious.
154
What is automatism?
An action performed unconsciously or involuntarily.
155
What is the title of Brassai's work related to Surrealism?
Sculpture Involontaire (Involuntary Sculpture) 1933.
156
What are the characteristics of Surrealist Photography?
Chance Operations, released creative control, exquisite corpse, found objects & collage, something that is both familiar and strange, uncanny doubling.
157
What psychological themes are present in Surrealist Photography?
Allusions to psychological intimations and innuendos, forbidden sensuality and sexuality.
158
How did male Surrealist painters and photographers depict female forms?
As symbols of the primitive, the mysterious, and the erotic, often caged, distorted, and dismembered.
159
What is the significance of depicting women's bodies in Surrealist Photography?
They are portrayed as primal forces to be trapped, observed, or punished.
160
Who is an example of a Surrealist photographer?
Man Ray, known for works like 'Abstract Composition' and 'Rayograph'.
161
Who is Hans Bellmer?
Hans Bellmer was an artist known for creating images of mismatched and twisted mannequins.
162
What themes are explored in Bellmer's work?
Bellmer's grotesque figures have been analyzed for insights into his personal Oedipal conflicts and as a response to Aryan body stereotypes in Nazi propaganda.
163
What does Hal Foster say about Bellmer's doll images?
Hal Foster notes that Bellmer's sadistic scenes contain masochistic traces, exploring a sadistic impulse that is self-destructive.
164
What is the significance of Bellmer's dolls?
The dolls represent a confrontation with fragmentation and disintegration, reflecting the subject's greatest fears.
165
What type of print did Hans Bellmer create?
Hans Bellmer created gelatin silver prints.
166
Who is Claude Cahun?
An activist writer and photographer involved in the Paris Surrealism movement.
167
What did Claude Cahun create?
A series of self-portraits exploring shifting subjective moments and female gender identity.
168
What name did Claude Cahun change to later in life?
Claude.
169
What is significant about the name 'Claude' in French?
Claude can be either a male or female name.
170
What is the title of Claude Cahun's 1928 work?
Self-Portrait, 1928, Gelatin Silver Print.
171
Who is Henri Cartier-Bresson?
Henri Cartier-Bresson was a photographer influenced by Surrealist theories of the irrational.
172
What is the role of spontaneous expression according to Cartier-Bresson?
The role of spontaneous expression involves intuition and, above all, the attitude of revolt.
173
What does 'The Decisive Moment' refer to?
'The Decisive Moment' refers to the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organization of forms which gave that event its proper expression.
174
What is the title of the photograph taken by Henri Cartier-Bresson in 1932?
The title of the photograph is 'Behind the Gare St. Lazare'.
175
What type of print is 'Behind the Gare St. Lazare'?
'Behind the Gare St. Lazare' is a Gelatin Silver Print.
176
What did Willi Wastat say about advertising photography?
"The public simply believes without reservation that the photographic representation of an object is truer and more real than any artist's graphic representation."
177
How does photography influence product desire?
Photography made the product desired for not what it did, but because it could gratify human desires.
178
Which art movements influenced experimental photography in advertising?
Experimental photographic techniques were adapted from Dada and Surrealism.
179
What are the characteristics of experimental photography in advertising?
Characteristics include photomontage, close-ups, and severe angles.
180
What techniques were borrowed from Dadaists in advertising photography?
Photomontage and severe angles.
181
What technique was borrowed from Surrealists in advertising photography?
Close-ups.
182
What themes were endorsed in advertising photography?
Goods were endorsed with sexual allure and financial success.
183
What was the perception of advertising photography in the United States?
Advertising photography was seen as a betrayal of artistic talent due to the lingering affection for Pictorialist photographers who created for love, not money.
184
Who were Margaret Watkins and Paul Outerbridge?
They used Modernist photographic styles to create advertising images aimed at fashionable men and women.
185
What type of imagery did Margaret Watkins create?
She eroticized female subjects in her advertising photography.
186
What is an example of Margaret Watkins' work?
Advertisement for Myer's Gloves, 1920s, Gelatin Silver print.
187
What did Soviet artists consider advertising photography?
A crucial aspect of modern mass-media that could change the public's outlook.
188
How did Soviet artists view capitalist advertising?
They believed it misled the public.
189
What was the Soviet artists' belief about socialist advertising?
They believed it could be educational.
190
What was the Maiakovskii-Rodchenko Advertising-Constructor?
An advertising association.
191
What was the main idea of the 'Agitation and Advertising' manifesto?
To put into action all of the weapons that the enemy also uses, including advertising.
192
What are some characteristics of Soviet advertising photography?
Bold graphics and sometimes photos.
193
What types of products were featured in Soviet advertising photography?
A variety of products including state-manufactured beer, candy, and pacifiers.
194
Who created the advertisement for baby pacifiers in 1923?
Aleksandr Rodchenko.
195
What does the phrase 'ЛУЧШИХ не Было и нет СОСОК' translate to?
No better pacifiers have ever existed.
196
What does 'ГОТОВ СОСАТЬ ДО СТАРЫХ ЛеТ ПРОДАЮТСЯ ВЕЗДе' mean?
Ready to suck since old times, sold everywhere.
197
What company is associated with the advertisement for pacifiers?
резинотрест.
198
How was advertising photography perceived in Europe?
Advertising photography carried less of a stigma and was considered a meritorious pursuit.
199
What style was used in European advertising photography?
Modernist chic style was used to sell upscale products.
200
What are common product subjects in European advertising photography?
Common product subjects include fashion magazines, airlines, optical products, automobiles, and cigarette lighters.
201
Who created the artwork 'Untitled (Toothbrush)' and when?
Hans Finsler created 'Untitled (Toothbrush)' in 1930, using gelatin silver print.
202
What was the 1929 'Film und Foto' exhibition known for?
It brought together various modes of Modernist photography or New Objectivity.
203
What are the characteristics of New Objectivity?
Modern & geometric style, unusual perspectives, tight framing, industrial subjects, repeated visual patterns.
204
What did Karel Teige say about the 'Film und Foto' exhibition?
"Propagated a visual fashion emptied of its initial social activism."
205
What did Karel Teige want for photography?
He wanted photography to be grounded in social life, not in the art gallery.
206
What did Karel Teige admire about Soviet photography?
It fulfilled photography's ideological mission - 'service is the future of modern photography and its tasks will be utilitarian: to serve science, ideas, and social progress.'
207
Who created the work 'Snake Head' in 1927?
Albert Renger-Patzsch.
208
What type of print is 'Snake Head'?
Gelatin Silver Print.
209
What was the title of Albert Renger-Patzsch's book?
'Die Dinge' (The Things).
210
How was 'Die Dinge' critiqued?
It was heavily critiqued by Karel Teige.
211
What is Group f.64?
Group f.64 is a collective of photographers who believe that photography must develop according to the actualities and limitations of the medium, independent of traditional art conventions.
212
What did Group f.64 dismiss?
Group f.64 dismissed Pictorialism and urged exploration of camera vision.
213
What does F.64 refer to?
F.64 refers to the smallest aperture on large-format cameras that produces a clear image in both the foreground and background.
214
What is 'Pure Photography' associated with?
'Pure Photography' is associated with close-ups and geometric abstractions.
215
Who created 'Cement Works, Monolith, California'?
Willard van Dyke created 'Cement Works, Monolith, California' in 1931 as a gelatin silver print.
216
What happened to Imogen Cunningham's work after she moved to California?
Her work became stark and geometrical.
217
What is Imogen Cunningham known for in her photography?
Her ability to find visually arresting pictures from small moments of life.
218
Who is Ansel Adams?
Ansel Adams was a photographer who believed in the spiritual value of nature to society.
219
What did Ansel Adams say about the significance of a rock?
"I still believe there is a real, social significance in a rock - a more important significance therein than in a line of unemployed."
220
What is the Zone System?
The Zone System allowed photographers to previsualize the finished print by comparing light intensities in the scene with a chart of tones ranging from black to white.
221
Where is Ansel Adams from?
Ansel Adams is from California.
222
When did the term 'documentary' come into wide usage?
The term 'documentary' came into wide usage during the 1930s.
223
What are the characteristics of documentary photography?
Documentary photography blended modernistic style and realistic subject matter aimed at educating the public about the experience of hardship or injustice.
224
How did photographers present their subjects in documentary photography?
Photographers strove to present their human subjects as ordinary people who were temporarily down on their luck.
225
What role did photographers play in documentary photography?
Photographers were neutral observers recounting facts.
226
Which films influenced the documentary mode?
Films such as Dziga Vertov's Man with a Movie Camera (1929) and Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North (1922) influenced the documentary mode.
227
What was the original name of the Farm Security Administration?
The Farm Security Administration began as the Resettlement Administration (R.A) in 1935.
228
What were some of the efforts coordinated by the Farm Security Administration?
The F.S.A. coordinated various rural relief efforts including loans, flood control, migrant camps, and agricultural education.
229
What was the purpose of the Farm Security Administration?
The purpose was to move distressed farmers into more economically viable and industrial work.
230
When was the Farm Security Administration renamed?
It was renamed the Farm Security Administration (F.S.A.) in 1937.
231
Who supervised the photographic activity of the F.S.A.?
Roy Stryker supervised the photographic activity of the F.S.A.
232
What was the goal of the F.S.A. photographic section?
The goal was to gather photographic evidence of the agency's good works and transmit those images to the press.
233
Why did the F.S.A. refer to their photographs as 'publicity'?
They dissociated from socialist connotations by referring to their photographs as 'publicity' instead of propaganda.
234
What was the focus of the F.S.A.'s photography?
The photography generally focused on life in small towns.
235
What did Roy Stryker say about the subjects of the F.S.A. photographs?
"You'll find no record of big people or big events... There are pictures that say Depression, but there are no pictures of sit-down strikes, no apple salesman on street corners, not a single shot of Wall Street, and absolutely no celebrities."
236
Who hired Walker Evans in 1935?
The F.S.A. (Farm Security Administration) hired Walker Evans in 1935.
237
What was Walker Evans' philosophy regarding commercialism?
He believed that commercialism was America's predicament.
238
What type of scenes did Walker Evans focus on?
He found scenes and objects whose appearance implied a story or acted as a metaphor for an attitude toward life.
239
How would you describe Walker Evans' photographic style?
His style is unambiguous and clearly composed.
240
What does the Bethlehem, PA image represent?
It represents the progression of work, home life, and death.
241
What does the flattened perspective in Evans' work signify?
It represents the compass of their restricted lives.
242
What is the title of the work by Walker Evans mentioned?
Untitled, from Free by Archibald MacLeish.
243
What project did the F.S.A. allow the photographer to work on?
A project for Fortune magazine with writer James Agee to chronicle the lives of three families of impoverished, cotton-growing tenant farmers in Hale County, Alabama.
244
What happened to the assignment for Fortune magazine?
The assignment was cancelled and the images were later published in the unsuccessful book, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941).
245
Why was the photographer fired from the F.S.A.?
He was fired in 1937 due to his inability to follow assignment guidelines and style choices.
246
How did the photographer's images depict poverty?
His images tended to lift poverty and the economic effects of the Depression into a timeless and picturesque universe.
247
What are two characteristics of the photographer's style?
Spare and serene.
248
What is the title of the photograph featuring Allie Mae Burroughs?
Walker Evans, Allie Mae Burroughs, 15
## Footnote
Gelatin Silver Print
249
Who is Dorothea Lange?
A photographer known for her strong sense of social justice and belief in photography revealing inequality.
250
What was a major focus of Dorothea Lange's work?
The plight of migrant farm workers.
251
What is the title of Dorothea Lange's famous photograph?
Migrant Mother.
252
What does the photograph 'Migrant Mother' depict?
A 32-year-old woman and her children stranded in a frozen pea field.
253
What stance did Dorothea Lange take regarding the War Relocation Authority?
She strongly opposed it and photographed the forced relocation of Japanese-Americans to internment camps.
254
When was 'Migrant Mother' taken?
In 1936.
255
Who published An American Exodus?
Lange published An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion in 1939 with accompanying text by Paul Taylor.
256
What does the title An American Exodus refer to?
The title refers to a drought in the Southwest during the mid-1930s and the migration it caused.
257
What type of content accompanies the photographs in An American Exodus?
Photographs are accompanied by quotes and statements from sitters. They were not fictionalized.
258
Who are the authors of An American Exodus?
Dorothea Lange and Paul Schuster Taylor.
259
What year was An American Exodus published?
1939.
260
Who was Gordon Parks?
Gordon Parks was an African-American photographer hired by the F.S.A. during the Depression.
261
What shift occurred in the focus of the F.S.A. during Parks' time?
The focus shifted from small town and rural life to urban enterprise and defense activities.
262
Who did Gordon Parks photograph while working for the F.S.A.?
Parks photographed the life and work of Ella Watson, who cleaned the agency's office.
263
What notable magazine did Gordon Parks work for?
Parks was later hired by Life magazine.
264
What significant movement did Parks photograph for Life magazine?
He photographed the Black Power movement in the U.S.
265
What film did Gordon Parks direct?
He directed Shaft in 1971.
266
What is the title of the famous photograph taken by Gordon Parks in 1942?
The photograph is titled 'Ella Watson (American Gothic)'.
## Footnote
It is a Gelatin Silver Print.
267
What was the purpose of some photographers during the period of social documentary?
Not all photographers were making photographs to incite social change.
268
What did newspapers in the U.S. do with photographers during this period?
They sent photographers out to capture images in the style of F.S.A. works, but without a social welfare message.
269
What is Mass-Observation (MO)?
A British group that targeted the false mass-media image of workers and the middle class.
270
What was 'May the Twelfth'?
It contained written accounts of more than 200 observers on the day that King George VI was crowned.
271
What was the goal of Mass-Observation?
To undermine faith in the government and British psychological reliance on the monarchy.
272
What is an early example of citizen journalism?
Mass-Observation.
273
Who created 'Midway Clowns, Blackpool' and when?
Humphrey Spender, 1937.
274
What type of print is 'Midway Clowns, Blackpool'?
Gelatin Silver Print.
275
Who is James Van der Zee?
A portraitist and street photographer.
276
What type of collection did James Van der Zee create?
A generally more upbeat collection of images about Harlem.
277
What does Van der Zee's photography suggest about African-American life?
It suggests that the postwar mass movement of African-Americans from the South to take factory jobs in Northern cities was a success.
278
What is the title of the photograph by James Van der Zee from 1932?
Couple in Raccoon Coats.
279
What type of print is 'Couple in Raccoon Coats'?
Gelatin Silver Print.
280
Who were Morgan & Marvin Smith?
Twin brothers who ran a popular Harlem portrait studio.
281
What did Morgan & Marvin Smith document?
Social affairs, political events, and the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement.
282
What significant event did Morgan & Marvin Smith capture in 1940?
The Union Strike.
283
Who invented strobes?
Harold Edgerton
## Footnote
Strobes are fast bursts of intermittent light used to illuminate moving subjects.
284
In which magazine was Harold Edgerton often featured?
Life magazine
285
What military application did Harold Edgerton work on?
He developed the lighting necessary for nighttime aerial photography.
286
What is the title of Harold Edgerton's stroboscopic photograph from 1936?
Drop of Milk Splashing in a Saucer of Milk
287
Who is George Hurrell?
George Hurrell was a celebrity photographer.
288
What types of magazines featured George Hurrell's photographs?
His photographs were featured in entertainment magazines such as Photoplay and Modern Screen.
289
What was George Hurrell's style in photography?
He created glamorous photo sets for shoots and shaped faces with light and shadow.
290
What techniques did George Hurrell use in his photography?
He drew in eyelashes and brows, and used a retouching pencil to smooth skin.
291
What is a notable photograph by George Hurrell?
A notable photograph is of Jean Harlow taken in 1935.
292
What was required of all German photographers in 1933?
All German photographers were required to register with the government.
293
What happened to the AIZ (Worker's Illustrated Newspaper) in 1933?
The AIZ was sent into exile in Prague.
294
Who controlled the German illustrated press during WWII?
The German illustrated press was controlled by Berlin's Ministry of Propaganda.
295
What type of portraits were published by the German illustrated press?
They published heroizing portraits of Hitler.
296
What kind of images of Hitler were also published?
Images of Hitler doing everyday activities were also published.
297
What was the state of independent media in Germany when the war began?
There was no independent media in Germany.
298
What happened to journalists and photographers when the war began?
They were conscripted into the Propaganda division of the army.
299
Why did many German photographers flee the country?
Many fled due to censorship, persecution, and anti-semitism.
300
How was war photography treated during WWI?
War photography was censored and reviewed by military censors before being sent to press.
301
How were photographs transported during the war?
Most photographs were physically transported by the military.
302
What advancements made photography more accessible to soldiers?
Improvements to camera technology allowed soldiers to take and send snapshots home.
303
What type of images were popular among Allied troops?
Celebrity 'pin-up' images of stars like Rita Hayworth and Betty Grable were popular.
304
What role did military-trained photographers play?
They accompanied military units and provided important aerial photography information about the enemy.
305
What are the characteristics of war photography?
Emphasis on personal encounters of the war and an attempt to avoid revealing important military information.
306
What style persisted in war photography?
The persistence of the 1930's documentary style.
307
Who is Robert Capa?
Robert Capa was a renowned photographer known for his war photography.
308
What is a famous quote by Robert Capa?
"If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough."
309
What advice did Robert Capa give for capturing action shots?
"If you want to get good action shots, they mustn't be in true focus. If your hand trembles a little, then you get a fine action shot."
310
What is the title of the photograph taken by Robert Capa on June 6, 1944?
The photograph is titled 'Veteran of C Landing'.
311
What type of photographic technique did Robert Capa use for 'Veteran of C Landing'?
He used gelatin silver technique.
312
Who is W. Eugene Smith?
A photographer known for his work documenting the experiences of soldiers in wartime.
313
What significant event did W. Eugene Smith experience in 1945?
He was wounded on the island of Okinawa.
314
What themes did W. Eugene Smith's images focus on?
The physical and emotional experiences of soldiers on the front lines.
315
What is the title of W. Eugene Smith's work featuring a wounded infant?
Wounded and Dying Infant, 1944.
316
What type of print is 'Wounded and Dying Infant'?
Gelati Silver Print.
317
What was the initial perception of Joe Rosenthal's photograph?
It was initially thought to be staged by the editors of Life magazine and was initially rejected from publication.
318
What was significant about the flag raising in Joe Rosenthal's photograph?
This was the second raising of the flag; the first was too small. However, it was not staged, as the soldiers were slowed by mud.
319
What is notable about Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the Marines?
It became one of the most widely printed photographs of the war.
320
What is the title and year of Joe Rosenthal's famous photograph?
Marines Raising the American Flag on Iwo Jima, 1945, Gelatin Silver Print.
321
What did Lee Miller do after the war ended?
She photographed and documented what she saw in concentration camps.
322
What was Lee Miller's role during the war?
She was a member of the London War Correspondents Corps and a correspondent with the U.S. forces.
323
How did Lee Miller challenge societal perceptions of women?
She defied the notion that women were too emotionally delicate to photograph the horrors of concentration camps.
324
What aspects did Lee Miller capture in her photography?
She photographed the means of annihilation and the lives of those who survived.
325
What did Lee Miller implore people to do?
"I implore you to believe this is true."
## Footnote
Lee Miller, Buchenwald, April 1945, Gelatin Silver Print
