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HES 202 - Exercise Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is O2 consumption at rest?

A

0.25L/min
3.5ml/kg/min
1 MET

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2
Q

what is 1 MET

A

oxygen consumption at rest, Metabolic Equivalent

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3
Q

When does ATP consumption increase at the start of exercise?

A

immediately

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4
Q

Oxygen Deficit definition

A

lag in usage of oxygen at the start of exercise (endurance trained individuals have a lower deficit)

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5
Q

Why do trained individuals have a lower oxygen deficit?

A

Better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity due to cardiovascular
(more capillaries) and muscular adaptations (greater mitochondrial
volume)

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6
Q

what is EPOC?

A

excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption, repay oxygen debt and resynthesis of phosphocreatine in muscles, replenish myoglobin and hemoglobin stores

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7
Q

what is VO2 max?

A

maximal oxygen uptake, increases linearly during exercise until ceiling is reached, influenced by training and genetics

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8
Q

what physiological factors influence vo2 max?

A

ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen, ability of muscles to use oxygen to produce ATP

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9
Q

Lactate threshold definition

A

the work rate at which blood lactic acid rises
systematically during incremental exercise.

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10
Q

what three factors influence fuel selection during exercise?

A

intensity, duration, availability of fuels

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10
Q

what fuel source do we use more of the longer we exercise?

A

fat

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10
Q

hormone definition

A

chemical message that travels through the blood to target tissues and cells

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11
Q

what are classes of hormones?

A

based on chemical makeup, amino acids (catecholamines), peptides/proteins, steroids

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12
Q

what is hormones role in the body?

A

fine tune physiological processes like growth, metabolism, BP, and reproduction

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13
Q

how are hormones regulated?

A

homeostatically

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14
Q

what effects the effect of a hormone?

A

concentration, number of receptors, affinity of receptors

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15
Q

how do steroid hormones signal?

A

travels to the nucleus to activate genes

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16
Q

where are hormones secreted from?

A

endocrine glands: Hypothalamus and pituitary glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Testes and ovaries

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17
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

exerts homeostatic control over hormone secretion

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18
Q

what does somatostatin do?

A

exerts negative feedback on hormone secretion from various glands

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19
Q

what does growth hormone do?

A

stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factors, reduces the use of plasma glucose, increases gluconeogenesis, mobilizes fatty acids

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20
Q

what do IGF-1 do?

A

amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, long bone growth

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21
Q

what does the thyroid gland do?

A

secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which increase metabolic rate

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22
Q

Adrenal medulla gland

A

secretes catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

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23
Q

what is the effect of catecholamines on beta receptors?

A

increases heart rate, breathing and metabolism

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24
Q

what is the effect of catecholamines on alpha receptors?

A

counters the effects on beta receptors, more selective

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25
Q

what does the adrenal cortex gland do?

A

secretes steroid hormones: sex steroids and glucocorticoids

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26
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

slow-acting catabolic, increased by stress, peak in am, stimulate breakdown of triglycerides

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27
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

anabolic steroid, promotes tissue building, increases strength and power, androgenic: promotes masculine characteristics

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28
Q

what does estrogen and progesterone do?

A

establish and maintain reproductive function

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29
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

secretes insulin (from beta cells) and glucagon (from alpha cells)

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30
Q

what doe glucagon do?

A

promotes the production/release of fatty acids and glucose

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30
Q

what does insulin do?

A

promotes the storage of glucose, amino acids, and fats

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31
Q

how is blood glucose homeostasis maintained during exercise?

A

release of glucose from liver, production of new glucose, decrease in glucose uptake in cells that aren’t the brain, release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue

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32
Q

which hormones does adipose tissue secrete?

A

leptin and adiponectin

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33
Q

what does leptin do?

A

suppresses appetite, enhances insulin sensitivity

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34
Q

what does adiponectin do?

A

increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation

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35
Q

what hormone does skeletal muscle produce?

A

myokines

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36
Q

Immunity definition

A

protects the body against foreign agents (pathogens)

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37
Q

what is the adaptive immune response

A

the body learns to identify pathogens

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38
Q

what do B cells do

A

produce antibodies in response to an antigen

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39
Q

what do T cells do?

A

respond to antigens based on protein receptors on their surface

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40
Q

What do killer T cells do

A

attack our own cells that are infected with a virus

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41
Q

what do helper T cells do?

A

secrete cytokines to recruit more immune cells to the infection site

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42
Q

what does acute inflammation do?

A

short term response to injury, vasodilation, increased blood flow

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43
Q

what does chronic inflammation do?

A

persistent infection, increased circulation of cytokines

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44
Q

what is the risk of exercise on upper respiratory tract infection?

A

J shaped curve, too little and too much is bad

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45
Q

sensory nervous system definition

A

detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to CNS (input)

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46
Q

Somatic sensory system definition

A

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors

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47
Q

visceral sensory system definition

A

sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors

48
Q

motor nervous system definition

A

initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors

49
Q

Somatic motor system definition

A

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled

50
Q

Autonomic motor system definition

A

motor output that is not consciously or involuntarily controlled

51
Q

Afferent definition

A

towards the brain

52
Q

Efferent definition

A

away from the brain

53
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

contains the nucleus

54
Q

dendrites

A

conduct impulses toward the cell body

55
Q

Axon

A

carries electrical impulse away from cell body, covered by schwann cells (myelin sheath)

56
Q

Synapse

A

small gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released at synapse, changes electrical charge which depolarizes pre synaptic neuron

58
Q

Action potential definition

A

electrical response of cell, all or none law

59
Q

Proprioceptors definition

A

tell CNS info about body position, found in joints and muscles

60
Q

Muscle spindle definition

A

info about length and rate of shortening, stretch promotes reflex contraction

61
Q

Kinesthesia definition

A

conscious recognition of the position of body parts, recognition of speed of limb movement

62
Q

Golgi tendon organ definition

A

provides information about muscle force production

63
Q

Skeletal muscle chemoreceptors definition

A

sensitive to changes in the chemical environment surrounding muscle fibers, contraction increases acidity an CO2 which increases HR and breathing

64
Q

Somatic motor function

A

motor neurons located within spinal cord, carry neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles

65
Q

Motor unit definition

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

66
Q

Neuromuscular junction definition

A

where neuron and muscle meet

67
Q

Innervation ratio

A

number of muscle fibers innervated per motor neuron
Fine motor control has low innervation ratio
Joints have high innervation ratio

68
Q

motor unit recruitment and size principle

A

recruit more muscle fibers by activation more motor units, smallest motor units recruited first during exercise

69
Q

Three types of motor units

A

Type S (slow) - smallest
Type FR (fast, fatigue resistant)
Type FF (fast, fatigable) - largest

70
Q

Autonomic nervous system function

A

maintains homeostasis by effecting organs not under voluntary control

71
Q

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

A

release epinephrine and norepinephrine, dilate pupils, increase HR, slow digestion

72
Q

Parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

A

releases acetylcholine, constricts pupils and bronchi, slow HR, relax blood vessels, promote digestion

73
Q

how does exercise enhance brain health?

A

improves learning and memory, neurogenesis, vascular function, reduces depression

74
Q

what are the three types of muscle actions

A

concentric, eccentric, isometric

75
Q

epimysium definition

A

surrounds entire muscle

76
Q

perimysium definition

A

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

77
Q

endomysium definition

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

78
Q

satellite cells definition

A

support growth and repair of skeletal muscle

79
Q

skeletal muscle fibers definition

A

multinucleated cells with myofibrils that contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin

80
Q

sarcomere definition

A

the contractile unit of skeletal muscle

81
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

muscle contracts because actin and myosin slide along each other, shortening sarcomere length

82
Q

which muscle cell has the least amount of mitochondria

A

Type 2x - fast fibers

83
Q

role of calcium in muscle contraction

A

allows actin and myosin to bind, stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

tetanus definition

A

continuous firing of motor neurons creating maximum force

85
Q

muscle fatigue definition

A

decline in muscle power output
metabolic or mechanical limitations

86
Q

how does aging affect muscle mass and function?

A

10% between age 25-50
additional 40% between age 50-80
resistance training can delay loss

87
Q

sarcopenia definition

A

age-related loss of muscle mass and function

88
Q

Role of acetylcholine in muscle fibers

A

causes depolarization of muscle fiber (contraction), released by motor neuron

89
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

hereditary defects in muscle protein, results in loss of muscle fibers and weakness

90
Q

3 functions of the cardiorespiratory system

A

transport oxygen, remove CO2, regulate body temperature

91
Q

how does blood flow change during exercise?

A

increased cardiac output, increased blood flow to active muscle which reduces blood flow to inactive organs

92
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood, contains small proteins, nutrients, etc.

93
Q

red blood cells

A

carry oxygen via hemoglobin

94
Q

parts of blood

A

plasma, white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells

95
Q

hematocrit definition

A

percentage of blood as red blood cells, usually 40-45%

96
Q

heart

A

created pressure to pump blood, part of circulatory system

97
Q

arteries and arterioles

A

carry blood away from the heart, part of circulatory system

98
Q

veins and venules

A

carry blood toward the heart, part of circulatory system

99
Q

capillaries

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 and nutrients with tissues, part of circulatory system

100
Q

epicardium definition

A

connective tissue of the heart

101
Q

myocardium definition

A

heart muscle

102
Q

endocardium definition

A

acts like a blood vessel

103
Q

systole definition

A

contraction phase of cardiac cycle, ejects blood

104
Q

Diastole definition

A

relaxation phase of cardiac cycle, fills with blood

105
Q

determinants of mean arterial pressure

A

cardiac output x total vascular resistance

106
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

systolic/diastolic

107
Q

short term regulation of blood pressure

A

by sympathetic nervous system and baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

108
Q

long term regulation of blood pressure

A

kidneys via control of blood volume

109
Q

hypertension

A

blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg

110
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
Q=HR x SV

111
Q

what causes low resting HR?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

112
Q

how does exercise influence HR?

A

initial ride due to decreased parasympathetic activity (100bpm), subsequent increase increase in sympathetic activity to SA node

113
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

alveoli (alveolar wall)

114
Q

how does movement of air occur?

A

pressure differences between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

115
Q

pulmonary ventilation definition

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs
V=Vt x frequency

116
Q

Tidal volume (Vt)

A

volume of gas moved per breath

117
Q

Oxyhemoglobin definition

A

Hemoglobin (Hb) bound to oxygen (how 99% of oxygen is transported in the blood)

118
Q

how is CO2 transported in the blood

A

dissolved in plasma (10%)
Bound to Hb (20%)
Bicarbonate (70%)

119
Q

what are the two parts of the control of ventilation?

A

inspiration and expiration

120
Q

inspiration definition

A

inhale air, controlled by control center located in medullar oblongata

121
Q

expiration definition

A

exhale air, input from higher brain, muscle mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

HES 202 - Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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