Unit 1 Flashcards
physiology definition
study of the function of the body’s cells, tissues, organs, and systems
exercise physiology definition
study of how acute and chronic exercise impacts the function of the body’s cells, tissues, organs, and systems
components of a research article
abstract, intro, research methods, results, discussion, references
best places to find peer-reviewed research articles
google scholar, PubMed
evidence-based practice definition
when research and scientific data is implemented into professional practices
Examples of evidence-based practice in the real world
NFL return to play, dietary guidelines, seatbelts, etc
Calorie definition
amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
direct calorimetry
measure heat production as an indication of metabolic rate (box system)
indirect calorimetry
measure oxygen consumption as an estimate of metabolic rate
open-circuit spirometry
measure the uptake of oxygen (o2 consumed) (air we breath in - air we breath out)
3 factors influence exercise efficiency
exercise intensity, speed of movement, muscle fiber type
how do we estimate energy expenditure in the gym?
power = work/time, direct relationship (heart rate, oxygen consumption)
Homeostasis
physiological variables that don’t change at rest (basal state)
Steady state
unchanging physiological variable, homeostasis is steady state but steady state is not always homeostasis
components of a biological control system
sensor, receptor, control center, effector
feedback of most biological control systems
negative feedback
adaptation
change in structure and function of cell or organ over time, allowing improved ability to maintain homeostasis or steady state
Acclimation
adapting to environmental stressors (temp, altitude, humidity)
5 mechanisms of cell signaling
intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
intracrine cell signaling
a chemical message sent within a cell
juxtacrine signaling
a chemical message between two cells
autocrine signaling
a chemical message on the same cell, but message leaves the cell first
paracrine signaling
message acts on nearby cells
endocrine signaling
message released into blood stream, usually hormones
hormesis definition
low dose of a potentially harmful stress resulting in beneficial adaptations
which molecules help maintain cellular homeostasis
ATP, glucose, glycogen, oxygen, etc
catabolic reaction
breaks apart molecules
anabolic reaction
builds molecules
why are mitochondria important
Make ATP! break down carbs and fatty acids, consume oxygen to generate atp
2 types of chemical reactions
endergonic and exergonic
endergonic reactions
require energy
exergonic reactions
release energy
oxidation reaction
loss of electrons and protons (hydrogen), gain oxygen
reduction reaction
gain of electrons and protons (hydrogen), loss of oxygen
reducing equivalents
NADH and FADH2, carry electrons that can be released for energy in the mitochondria
enzymes function
speed up the rate of a reaction by decreasing amount of energy needed to start the reaction
3 macronutrients used for fuel
carbs, fatty acids, proteins
how is glucose stored
stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver
glycogen synthase turns glucose into glycogen
glycogenolysis
process of breaking down glycogen into glucose
fatty acids
primary form of fat used for fuel
triglycerides
storage of fatty acids in muscle tissue and adipose tissue
how does atp provide energy
energy is released when phosphate group is broken off, forming adp
three bioenergetic pathways
phosphocreatine, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation
bioenergetic pathway
produces ATP
fastest bioenergetic pathway
phosphocreatine
slowest bioenergetic pathway
oxidative phosphorylation
which bioenergetic pathway produces lactate
anaerobic glycolysis
what does the body do with lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis
goes into the bloodstream, then the liver, liver converts it back to glucose
where do oxidative phosphorylation and beta oxidation occur
mitochondria
is oxidative phosphorylation driven by supply or demand
demand
oxidative phosphorylation
consumption of oxygen to produce ATP
Beta oxidation
break down fats for energy
