Unit 2 Flashcards
Luddites
Dissatisfied textile workers formed the army of Redressers. This army would break into factories and destroyed over 200 of the machines that would ensure their labour was no longer needed and threatened their employment.
The 6 essential goals of the Chartists (think seats in parliment)
1) universal suffrage for men over 21
2) Equal - sized electoral districts
3) Voting by secret ballot
4) an end to the need for property qualifications
5) Pay for members of parliament
Chartists
Working class that focused on political and social reform.
Utopian Socialism
Humanitarians who advocated to end the bad working conditions in the industrial capitalist countries of the time.
Wanted labour laws and social welfare in a very prizitized and self-intrest focused society
Welfare Capitalism
Welfare Capitalism referred to Classical Liberal (govt rules kept to minimum and individualism) COMBINED with a government that used legislation to give workers protection.
(Capitalism that uses social welfare to protect workers/labour laws)
Classical conservative
Society should be structured in a hierarchical fashion with those best suited for leadership at the top.
- People do not have equal abilities
- Leaders should ensure society stability
Fascism
(Far right) Extreme (Hitler) political ideology lead by one dictatorial leader where everything is controlled
Belived in a dedicated nation strong society.
Marxism
Class divisions needed to be dissolved and in government control because if not individuals could overthrow government or power would fall into few hands.
Socialism
Resources should be accessible to to public not controlled by private owners. However extra could be bought buy private investors. Private buisnesses were allowed to co-exist, but collectivly owned was perfered.
- Cooperation over competition
- fair and equal
Like a farmers market that was grown collectivly for everyone to benefit from while private investors could still come and benefit.
Everyone is taken care of
Social effects of the Depression
1) Frustrated by the conditions
2) People began to support political organizations with Collectivist/communist ideologies
3) The cooperative commonwealth federation was founded in Calgary
4) Mixed economic policies
5) unemployment and poverty also led to greater social unrest
6) Bennett / Prime minister of Canada set up relief camps
The industrial revolution includes…
1) Agricultural revolution
- More food being produced with less farmers.
- New technology helped speed up production
2) Commercial revolution
- Industrialization and mass production of goods
- Large scale clothing production
- New market and trade opportunities
3) Transportation Revolution
- Led to more efficient forms of transportation
- New technology
Communism
far left ideology that prioritizes eliminating social classes and private property. Believes in the distribution of wealth so government owned everything.
The Factory Act
Acts that addresses issues such as child labour, reasonable work days, Adequate working conditions. Passed by individuals who believed in capitalism but also that the government has role to protect people. (welfar capitalism)
Unions
Labour unions raised due to the inequality between the power of the boss and the lack of power for the employees.
Unions were illegal for several years including sever punishments
Why was socialism developed
People who thought capitalism was injustice and unstable and that government intervention would solve those problems and protect the people. Believed in competition but also giving everyone a chance to compete.
Keynesian economics
Believed that in order to lesson with the severity of a recession, governments should spend more money and reduce taxes to help get out of a recession.
This would leave individuals to spend more money into the market because they didn’t have to pay as much taxes.
Opposite in times of inflation
Lenin
Was not satisfied with the conditions of Russia and used his discontent to lead revolution that overthrew the duma - > Land, Peace, Bread
**What did war communism change Russia?
1) abolished private land ownership
2) Established government control of bunks, industries, and natural resources.
3) Forced peasants to give all extra food to the state
Russias: New Economic Policy
New policy reducing govt control sn dallow some private industry. They paid high taxes but could still make a profit after paying them.
The great purge
Stalin removing all threats or opposition of the soviet union. Became paranoid of everyone.
Nazi : Key features
1) One ideology = create the perfect society
2) One political party
3) Secret police
4) Censored media
5) State controlled economy
What was the weimar republic? Why did the weimar republic fail?
- After WW1 when Germany became a constitutional democracy with a multi- party system
- Failed to win peoples trust , signing of the treaty of versies, and the economy was torn after WW1
Solution was printing money which lead to inflation
Credit Unions and Desarjains
- Labour unions formed by workers then eventually credit unions
credit unions = Small financial institution with better lending rates and lower fees.
The roaring 20’s and the first “red scare”
The first red scare (roar) = The public fear of communism. (the soviet symbol is red and people are scared of it)
Harding and coolidge
Harding became president and campaigned to “return harmony’ through isolation, nationalism, and the reduction of government.
Coolidge had similar views and believed in laissez-faire economics / classical liberal approach.
The Stock market crash of 1929
- Stock prices rose
- people began borrowing money to invest in stock market assuming it would rise.
- Prices stopped rising in NYC stock exchange
- People began rapidly selling their stocks to take profit.
Banks began to call for their loan money and people went bankrupt.
Regina Riot
Meeting of workers during the great depression, regarding the fear of the of communism in Canada due to the insatbility and misfortunes of the economy.
**Reaganomics: Bretton Woods Agreement
- Used the gold standard to set exchange rates for most countries.
- World currencies were allowed to freely float on world markets.
**Neoconservatism
- “renewal of classical liberal principles”
- Was a movement against modern liberalism but in support of classical liberalism.
Reduce direct government.
They support liberal democracies and market capitalism, Ronald Reagan, want to introduce/counter act dictatorships and are ok with doing this through military action.
Monetarism (money theory)
- Controlled through the regulation of interest rates
- Which would then control total amount of money being borrowed.
= Controlling the money supply through interest rates
“Trickle down”/ “supply side” / “Reaganomics”
- Government incentives businesses through …
1) tax breaks
2) Reduction and regulation
3) Privatization
4) Low interest rates - Cutting taxes will leave people with more money to spend.
That the private sector profits resulting in products, income, employment, and investment. - If business do well they will create benefits for everyone to enjoy
Iron Curtain
= The line between Europe’s self-governing countries of the west and the communist countries of the east.
Yalta Conference
- “Big Three” met to redraw the map of europe
= Stalin, Church hill, and Roosevelt
**Key issues: Beginning of the cold war
1) Post-war treatment of germany
2) The marshall plan
3) Stalinization / War communism
4) Hungary’s move towards independence
Marshall plan
- $13 billion plan to help recover the countries of europe damaged by the war
- 17 european countries received funds and technical expertise from the united states.
Molotou Plan
- aid package to fire back at the US marshall plan
= Involved trade agreements to consolidate the economies of the socialist countries.
Beginning of the cold war: Berlin Blockade
- Stalin blocked all forms of transportation to west berlin. People were being held there, so there were supplies being flied in to help.
Stalin eventually became annoyed and lifted it.
(widely regarded to as the beginning of the cold war)
What was the cold war?
period of tension between the U.S and the Soviet Union and their allies. Called a cold war because there was no direct military conflict only tension about territories and policies.
Bandung conference
African countries met to promote economic cooperation.
-> the Bandung conference was the beginning of the Non- Aligned Movement (independence)
Deterrence
= Building up war supplies and capability to win a war so that neither opponent attempts it because they both know they can’t win.
Both sides fear the outcome so neiter attempts to formally engage in conflict.
MAD
Mutually Assured Destruction
- Don’t even try and fight
- Used to describe an unwinnable war
Cuban missile crisis (add to page)
bag of pigs invasion= Americans trying to take back Cuba before cuba.
Cuba reached out for help to the USSR and they gave them Nuclear weapons because US had nuclear weapons in Turkey and Italy
Went back and forth for a while and then came to an agrement to take weapons out of all locations and sign treaties to ensure they would not blow up the world.,
Proxy Wars (add to page)
= Conflicts where one superpower fights in another country or provide support to a group in another country or influence the ideological outcomes of the conflict.
Including
1) Vietnam war - between communist and north vietnam
2) Soviet - Afghan War - US supported rebel group to try and indirectly stop the Soviets from hurting the people.
(add to page) 3) Iran Contra Affair - Contras=Fighting the Cuban communists and US supported the contras
End of the Cold War: SALT
= Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Treaties negotiated with the US and USSR to reduce total number of nuclear weapons in stock pile
Reducing Tensions: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
- AImed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to nations who didn’t have any.
End of the Cold War
- Soviets being economically outperformed
- USSR had failed to prioritize customer good (they did not supply the people with their demands) , rather focusing on industrial production.
- They were out of money (spent it on military supply)
Mikhail Gorbachev and policies
-Last soviet president and initiated economic and political reforms aimed at promoting growth in the economy. Policies included:
1) Restructure and repair = Rebranding soviet union
2) Openness = more transparency with govt and more civil liberties
Cold War 2.0
Mikhail Gorbachev claimed it because of ongoing tension with the US
Negative freedom
= Freedom from
Principles of classical liberalism centered around individuals being free to make choices.
- Freedom from government
Positive freedom
= Freedom to / of (the freedom to have government intervention)
- See government intervention as a solution
- Freedom with structural limitation
The four alternate challenges to liberalism
1) environmentalism
2) Neoconservatism
3) Religious perspective
4) Aboriginal practices
How is environmentalism a challenge to liberalism
- Wants to work with the private sector to introduce green practices into society.
How is Neoconservatism a challenge to liberalism
- Wants return to more traditional values witch clases with the modern ways and acceptable practices of modern liberalism.
- Military action to protect beliefs and values
- Neo-conservatives do not want government social welfare programs which is something that modern liberalism supports.
How is Religious practices a challenge to liberalism
- Religious minorities and liberal values sometimes clash on certain beliefs and values making it hard to find a balence.
How is Aboriginal practices a challenge to liberalism
- Places greater emphasis on collective rather than the individual making it different from liberalism which places greater emphasis on the individual.
Cultural realistism
Suggests that, what is deemed as “acceptable” cultural practices is dependent on each cultures unique beliefs and values.
- There is NO universal applied set of morals.
Difference between demand-side economics and supply-side economics
demand-side economics = Theory that demands for goods and services drive economic activity.
supply-side economics = Theory that economic growth happens when taxes are lowered, decreasing regulation and promoting free trade.
Progressivism
Left - leaning political movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform
Sherman anti- trust act
Legislation to prevent monopolies
Friedman and Hayek
Friedman is most closely linked to monetarism (money supply is controlled through interest rates)
believed that inflation was primarily the result of an excess supply of money produced by central banks.
Hayek (capitalist) believed that if there was too much government control over the economy that is would result in control over citizen social life. Therefore the solution is a free market econmy where the suply and demand could be balenced and the indivuals desires could be fufilled.
Changes in liberalism over time
1) Introduction of classical liberalism
2) Shift from Classical liberalism -> Modern liberalism
3) Shift from Modern Liberalism -> Neo-conservatism (renewal of classical liberal principles)
Neo- Conservitism = Bringing classical liberlism back
Containment
A policy established to stop the spread of communism. Wanted to prevent communism from expanding beyond the borders of russia.
Detente
**Resolving ** A Strained relationship between two countries
“Invisible hand’
Said by Adam Smith to describe how the products and work done through self-interest would result in benefits for all the people.
Structure of Nazi Germany
- Collectivism
- People were expected to give up rights in order
to serve Hitler - Individualism
- Private ownership and economic freedom
however all had to align with the goals hitler
had - No personal freedoms unless they aligned with Hitlers goals.
Nazi Economic system
- Rejected both communism and capitalism
- Government basically had unlimited funds
- Economic plans were for military or government purposes, very little dedicated to the interests of the people.
British welfare state
-Provide people with minimum needed to live, while also giving individuals the freedom to obtain more and compete in the world of economics.
- British established many acts to provide social security.
