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SP > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychophysics of color vision

A

Wavelengths of the light rays
We see reflected light and are absorbed by surfaces they hit
(more light a surface absorbs, the darker it appears)
Color depends on the mix of wavelengths that reach the eye

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2
Q

Photopic

A

daylight light levels. Based on 3 cones; (short, middle, long wavelength) which appear blue, green and red

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3
Q

scotopic

A

dimmer light; high spatial acuity. Uses only rods to see (objects are visible but in black and white)

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4
Q

3 types of photoreceptors

A

s cones (short wave)
m cones (medium wave)
l cones (long wave)

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5
Q

s cones

A

sensitive to blue

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6
Q

m cones

A

sensitive to green

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7
Q

l cones

A

sensitive to red

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8
Q

principle of univariance

A

there is only 1 type of rod, receptor responses may be similar for different wavelengths

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9
Q

How does the trichromatic theory allow us to see different colors?

A

Ability to discriminate one light from another
Color of any light is defined by our visual system by the relationship between 3 numbers
So when light strikes the retina it stim cone cells to different degrees depending on wavelength

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10
Q

additive

A

occurs when colored light is combined (when primary colors are combined and create white light) taking 1 wavelength or set of wavelengths and adding it to another

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11
Q

subtractive

A

when pigments/dyes are combined and surface selectively absorbs some wavelengths and reflect others

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12
Q

What is a “color space”

A

a three-dimensional space that describes all colors

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13
Q

some examples of different ways of organizing color

A

RGB, HSB, color circles

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14
Q

RGB

A

defined by long, medium, and short wavelength lights (red, green blue)

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15
Q

HSB

A

defined by hue(color), saturation(strength) and brightness (distance from black)

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16
Q

color circles

A

places colors that seem similar near each other and diff colors opposite

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17
Q

Opponent color theory and the opponent color pairs

A

Red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

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18
Q

Concept of an “illegal color pairing”

A

Cellular explanation of how we perceive colors. Color perception depends on 3 opponent color paints

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19
Q

How the opponent color theory explains “color afterimages”

A

Different color pairings are processed by different cells. Staring at a certain image makes certain cones fatigued so the opponent pairings appear creating an afterimage

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20
Q

individual differences

A

Individual variations in terms of perception of the world around them. Influenced by culture, genetics, ex, preferences and lang

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21
Q

how age may change color perception

A

Aging lens absorb more short wavelength light decreasing blue spectrum making warmer colors seem more vibrant
Lens yellow as you age

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22
Q

tetrachromacy

A

extra cone that permits extended color vision (4 cone cells)

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23
Q

dichromacy

A

only 2 functioning cones that reduces color vision (color blindness)

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24
Q

monochromacy

A

only 1 functioning cone (black, white grey; good visual acuity)

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25
Q

achromatopsia

A

no functioning cones, only rods (poor acuity, light sensitivity, no color vision)

26
Q

protanope

A

No L Cones (red defective)

27
Q

Deuteranope

A

No M cones (green defective)

28
Q

Tritanope

A

No S cones (blue defective)

29
Q

Ways of testing for color blindness

A

ishihara and arrangement

30
Q

Ishihara

A

tests with number color

31
Q

arrangement

A

arrange color based on shade

32
Q

synethesia

A

Stim of noe sensory/cog pathway leads to automatic invol exper in a second pathway

33
Q

color contrast and opponent colors

A

When neighboring colors are opponents, perception of 1 color is affected by color that surrounds it

34
Q

color assimilation

A

Colors near each other take on qualities of their neighbors

35
Q

color constancy and lighting

A

Tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a wide range of lighting conditions
Ambiguous lighting affects accurate color perception

36
Q

monocular

A

how we process depth using 1 eye

37
Q

binocular

A

how we process depth with 2 eyes

38
Q

occulsion

A

cue to relative depth order. One object partially blocks view of another

39
Q

familiar size

A

based on knowledge of typical sized objects

40
Q

relative height

A

objects touching the ground, those higher in the visual field appear to be farther away

41
Q

texture gradient

A

items of the same size form smaller. Closed space images the farther away they get

42
Q

aerial perspective

A

more light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere

43
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

44
Q

triangulation cues

A

ways to know where objects are

45
Q

motion parallax

A

caused by the change in the position of an object that is caused by your motion (when in a moving car)

46
Q

how can we use accommodation to determine depth

A

Physical cue of lens changing in focus for nearer objects
Nearby objects: lens thicks to focus; farther- lens thins

47
Q

binocular disparity

A

slight differences in images perceived by each eye - visual process that 3D movies take advantage of

48
Q

horopter

A

reference point for aligning images to perceive objects in 3D

49
Q

Calculation based on horopter

A

(location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points; area of no disparity

50
Q

stereopsis and basic cellular process involved

A

Input from two eyes must converge onto the same cell.
Some neurons have receptive fields for corresponding retinal images (those on the horopter).
Others respond to a particular binocular disparity

51
Q

top down

A

guided by cog factors like goals, expect, prior knowledge

52
Q

bottom up

A

captured by salient sensory stim - a “pop out” search is an example of this

53
Q

overt

A

directing attention through physical movements (eyes, head turns)

54
Q

covert

A

attending without movement

55
Q

how does the posner paradigm work

A

Cues provide spatial info that parts can use to orient attention. Participants press a button and reaction time is used to measure attentional cost

56
Q

how does the RSVP paradigm work?

A

used to investigate the timing of attention, the limitations of visual processing and the effects of cog processes on attention
Whether target was present or absent

57
Q

Visual field defects

A

partial or complete loss of vision in one or both eyes withinthe visual field. Caused by damage to pathways from retina to V1.

58
Q

what is spatial neglect and what brain areas are damaged in spatial neglect?

A

inability to attend or respond to stim in the contralesional visual field. Caused by damage to the right parietal lobe - left visual field is neglected by people with spatial neglect

59
Q

selective pathway

A

permits recognition of one or a very few objects at a time. This pathway represents the spotlight of attention and the selective attention bottleneck

60
Q

nonselective pathway

A

info about the distribution of features across a scene as well as the gist of the scene. This pathway does not pass through the bottleneck of attention

61
Q

change blindness

A

failure to notice a change between 2 scenes

62
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice or report a stim that would be easily reportable if it were attended

SP (5 decks)

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