RM Q6

Question 1

6 confounds

Answer 1

+order effect
+selection confound
+instrumentation confound
+experimenter confound
+history confound
+regression to mean

Question 2

order effect

Answer 2

when sequence of how things are asked for a study influences results

Question 3

selection confound

Answer 3

when groups are not picked the right way and there’s a hidden factor within them that affects results

Question 4

regression to mean

Answer 4

when extreme initial results are followed by more average results simply due to the natural tendency of most observations to cluster around the average in a normal distribution.

Question 5

instrumentation confound

Answer 5

when changes in the measurement instrument or method used in an experiment affect the results

Question 6

experimenter confound

Answer 6

when the behavior or expectations of the person running the experiment unintentionally influences the results

Question 7

history confound

Answer 7

when something happens during the course of an experiment that affects the results, but it’s not the thing being studied

Question 8

Single factor

Answer 8

all participants differ along one variable (e.g., a pet rewarded with
praise, vs a pet rewarded with a treat

Question 9

Factorial design

Answer 9

all participants differ along two variables, with all combinations
(e.g., a pet rewarded with praise, vs a pet rewarded with a treat, and pet dogs,
cats, and pigs are used

Question 10

Within-subject

Answer 10

all participants are in all conditions of a variable (e.g., Wilbur is
rewarded with praise and later with a treat)

Question 11

between-subject

Answer 11

all participants are in one condition only of the variable (e.g.,
Wilbur is a pig and can’t be a dog or a cat

Question 12

Mixed-subject

Answer 12

a factorial design in which at least one variable is within-subject
and at least one is within-subject

Question 13

Demand Characteristics

Answer 13

participant might be reacting to the (perceived) purpose of the research; they may be
motivated to cooperate (or sabotage) the results

Question 14

Placebo Effects

Answer 14

when the expectation of effects of a treatment can themselves cause a change, can be positive or
negative, and not only caused by medications or substances

Question 15

Ceiling and Floor Effects

Answer 15

when the dependent variable’s “natural” level is close to the minimum or maximum
possible

Question 16

Counterbalancing

Answer 16

In a within-groups design, assuring that an equal number of
participants experience the conditions in all possible orders, or at least that
each condition is before and after each other condition an equal number of
times

Question 17

research misconduct

Answer 17

‘falsification, fabrication and plagiarism

Question 18

retraction

Answer 18

when a previously published study or paper is withdrawn or taken back because of mistakes, errors, or ethical issues discovered after its publication, invalidating its findings and credibility

Question 19

when to use chi square

Answer 19

frequency ind

Question 20

when to use ANOVA

Answer 20

3 groups+

Question 21

when to use man whitney

Answer 21

ranks ind

Question 22

when to use correlation

Answer 22

continuous, one column predicts next