Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPH > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

may be defined as a deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ
system (or combination of these) or from a state of wellness

A

disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

maintenance of a relatively stable environment regardless
of external changes.

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual
over time, in the absence of treatment.

NHoD

A

the national history of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of _______
stage of subclinical disease
stage of clinical disease
stage of recovery, disability or death

A

stage of susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of susceptibility
stage of ________
stage of clinical disease
stage of recovery, disability or death

A

stage of subclinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of susceptibility
stage of subclinical disease
stage of ________
stage of recovery, disability or death

A

clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of susceptibility
stage of subclinical disease
stage of clinical disease
stage of rd o d

A

recovery, disability or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is the pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease, in which
the individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection

A

susceptibility stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

occurs wherein pathological changes occur without the individual
being aware of them. This stage extends from the time of exposure to the onset of disease
symptoms.

A

subclinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

between stage of susceptibility and stage of subclinical disease
(e)

A

exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

between stage of subclinical disease (pc)

A

pathologic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

between stage of subclinical disease and stage of clinical disease (oos)

A

onset of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

start of stage of clinical disease (utod)

A

usual time of diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

subclinical disease extends from the time of exposure to the onset of disease
symptoms. This term is synonymous with the ______(ip) for infectious diseases, and
the ________(lp) for chronic diseases.

A

incubation period; latency period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to _________ (cd)

A

clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most
diagnoses are made during the stage of clinical disease. Ultimately, the disease process ends either
in ________ rdd

A

recovery, disability or death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_________ oos marks the transition from subclinical to clinical disease.

A

onset of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ agents may be biological, chemical, or physical

A

causative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

virus = p and h

A

pesticides and heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rickettsiae = f a and l

A

food additives and light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bacteria = p and r

A

pharmacologics and radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fungi = i c and n

A

industrial chemicals and noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

protozoa = a p and v

A

air poulltion and vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

metazoa = c s and s o

A

cigarette smoke and speeding objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

diseases caused by biological agents or their
products and are transmissible from one individual to another.

A

communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the establishment
of a communicable disease agent in a host organism.

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

those that cannot be transmitted
from one person to another.

A

non communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides
within 3 months (usually sooner) and the recovery of those who survive is usually complete.

A

acute disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

conditions are those in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some
cases, for the remainder of one’s life. Recovery is slow and sometimes incomplete.

A

chronic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
common cold

A

acute and communicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
pneumonia

A

acute and commu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
mumps

A

acute and commu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
measles

A

acute and commu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
pertussis

A

acute and commu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
typhoid

A

acute and commu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
cholera

A

acute and commu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
appendicitis

A

acute and noncommu

38
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
injury due to motor veh crash fire

A

acute noncommu

39
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
aids

A

chronic and commu

40
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
lyme disease

A

chronic and commu

41
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
tuberculosis

A

chronic and commu

42
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
syphilis

A

chronic and commu

43
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
rheumatic fever following streptococcal infections

A

chronic and commu

44
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
hepa b

A

chronic and commu

45
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
diabetes

A

chronic and noncommu

46
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
coronary heart disease

A

chronic and noncommu

47
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
osteoarthritis

A

chronic and noncommu

48
Q

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable?
cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism

A

chronic and noncommu

49
Q

is a disease that is transmitted from an animal to another animal, an
animal to a human, a human to another human, or a human to an animal. Transmission can be direct,
such as through respiratory means, or indirect through a vector

A

communicable disease

50
Q

i refers to the
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host.

A

infectivity

51
Q

p refers to an infectious
disease agent’s ability to produce disease.

A

pathogenectity

52
Q

v refers to the proportion of clinically apparent
cases that are severe or fatal.

A

virulence

53
Q

a is the element that must be present for disease to occur.

A

agent

54
Q

includes all other factors—physical, biological, or social—that inhibit or promote
disease transmission. Communicable disease transmission occurs when a susceptible host and a
pathogenic agent exist in an environment conducive to disease transmission.

A

enivironment

55
Q

h is any susceptible
organism—a single-celled organism, a plant, an animal, or a human—invaded by an infectious agent

A

host

56
Q

the epidemiologic triangle

h
ae

A

host
agent
evnironment

57
Q

Communicable disease transmission is a complicated but well-studied process that is
best understood through a conceptual model known as the

A

chain of infection

58
Q

chain of infection?
p-r-poe-t-poe-eoiinh

A

pathogen - reservoir - portal of exit - transmission - portal of entry - establishment of infection in new host

59
Q

is the element that must be present for disease to occur. The host is any
susceptible organism—a single-celled organism, a plant, an animal, or a human—invaded by an
infectious agent.

A

agent

60
Q

includes all other factors—physical, biological, or social—that
inhibit or promote disease transmission. Communicable disease transmission occurs when a
susceptible host and a pathogenic agent exist in an environment conducive to disease transmission.

A

environment

61
Q

involves the
immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible individuals by direct
contact such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of
droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth during
sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).

A

direct transmission

62
Q

may be one of three types—airborne, vehicle-borne, or vector-borne.

A

indirect transmission

63
Q

is the dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually
the respiratory tract. Microbial aerosols are suspensions of dust or droplet nuclei made up wholly or in
part of microorganisms. In contrast to droplets, which spread no more than several feet, airborne
particles may remain suspended and infective for long periods of time.

A

airborne transmission

64
Q

contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as vehicles
—non-living objects by which communicable agents are transferred to a susceptible host. The agent
may or may not have multiplied or developed on the vehicle. Examples of vehicles include
toys, handkerchiefs, soiled clothes, bedding, food service utensils, surgical instruments, water, milk,
food, or biological products such as blood, serum, plasma, organs, and tissues.

A

vehicle transmission

65
Q

is the transfer of disease by a living organism such as a mosquito,
fly, or tick. Transmission may be mechanical, via the contaminated mouth parts or feet of the vector, or biological, which involves multiplication or developmental changes of the agent in the vector before
transmission occurs

A

vector-borne transmission

66
Q

multiplication and development of the disease
organism usually do not occur.

A

mechanical transmission

67
Q

multiplication and/or developmental
changes of the disease agent occur in the vector before transmission occurs.

A

biological transmission

68
Q

scabies, head lice, hand food and mouth disease, acute infectious conjuctivitis, methicilin resistant staphyloccocus saureus (mrsa) inffection, other multi-drug resistant organisms infcetion, chickenpox

A

contact transmission

69
Q

influenza, common cold, severe acute respiratory Syndrome

A

droplet transmission

70
Q

chickenpox, pulmoray tuberculosiss (smear positive)

A

airborne transmission

71
Q

food poisoning, cholera, bacillary dysentery, hepatits a, e,, norovirus infection

A

foodborne/waterborne transmission

72
Q

mosquito: dengue fever, malaria, japanese encephalitis
other: typhus

A

vector-borne transmission

73
Q

hepatitis b c,, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)

A

blood or body fluid transmission

74
Q

i or r

is the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses. There
are two general types of immunity: innate and adaptive.

A

immunity/resistance

75
Q

is present at birth. It is always present and available to
provide rapid responses to protect us against disease. It does not involve specific recognition of a
microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way. It does not have a memory component; that
is, it cannot recall a previous contact with a foreign molecule. Innate immunity is the body’s early
warning system and are designed to prevent microbes from gaining access into the body and to help
eliminate those that do gain access. These general responses function the same way regardless of the type of
pathogen or the number of exposures. Such mechanisms include species resistance, mechanical
barriers, chemical barriers (enzyme action, interferon, and complement), natural killer cells,
inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever.

A

innate immunity

76
Q

are very precise defense mechanisms, targeting specific
pathogens. Also called the third line of defense, immunity also involves resistance to toxins or
metabolic byproducts of these specific pathogens. Lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and
remember specific foreign molecules carry out adaptive immune responses. Adaptive immunity will
only be produced after an antigenic challenge to the human host. This is characterized by the ability
to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure. In
contrast to nonspecific defense mechanisms, specific immune defense systems are not effective fully
at birth and require time to develop after exposure to the infecting agent or its antigens. Specific
immunity may be acquired naturally by infection or artificially by immunization

A

adaptive immunity

77
Q

antibodies develop in a person’s own immune
system after the body is exposed to an antigen through a disease or through immunization.

A

active immunity

78
Q

antibodies are given to a person to prevent
disease or to treat disease after the body is exposed to an antigen. Passive immunity is given from mother to child through the placenta before birth, and through breast milk after birth. It can also be
given medically through blood products that contain antibodies, such as immune globulin. This type of
immunity is fast acting but lasts only a few weeks or months.

A

passive immunity

79
Q

not infectious, they nonetheless can occur in epidemic
proportions

A

non-commu

80
Q

Because the etiologies (causes) of many of the non-communicable diseases are very complex,
they are often illustrated using a m-cdm

A

multi-caution disease model

81
Q

yung nasa loob ng multi-caution disease model

g e

A

genetic endowment

82
Q

2nd layer ng multi-caution disease model

p, b and bc

A

personality beliefs and behavioral choices

83
Q

last layer ng multi-caution disease model

ec, en, hcs, wq, ido, ap

A

economics, environment, health care system, water quality, infectious disease outbreaks, air pollution

84
Q

implies the planning for and taking of action to prevent the occurrence of an
undesirable event.

A

prevention

85
Q

the taking of action during an event.

A

intervention

86
Q

is a general term for the
containment of a disease and can include both prevention and intervention measures, limiting of
transmission of a communicable disease in a population.

A

control

87
Q

is the uprooting or total
elimination of a disease from the human population. This is an elusive goal in public health because it
is only rarely achieved.

A

eradication

88
Q

aims to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis
period. Disease or injury cannot always be avoided especially chronic diseases which
have caused considerable disability before detection and treatment. Examples of primary prevention
include health education and health promotion programs, safe-housing projects, and character-building
and personality development programs, the use of immunizations against specific diseases, the
practice of personal hygiene such as hand washing, the use of rubber gloves, and the chlorination of
the community’s water supply.

A

primary prevention

89
Q

is the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the
disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe. Examples of secondary prevention include
health screenings. The goal of these screenings is not to prevent the onset of disease or diagnose
disease but rather to detect its presence during early pathogenesis, thus permitting early intervention
(treatment) and limiting disability.

A

secondary prevention

90
Q

involves the retraining, re-education, and rehabilitation of the patient who
has already incurred a disability. Tertiary preventive measures include those that are applied after
significant pathogenesis has occurred.

A

tertiary prevention

CPH (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions