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AP Psych Test > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Process and transmit information
Basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus
The cell’s life support center

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

The bushy, branching expressions
Receive messages

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4
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

The fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons

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6
Q

Axon terminal branches

A

The ends of the axon contain terminal buttons, which hold synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons, producing the insulating myelin that speeds up connections

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8
Q

Excitatory signal

A

Signal trigger action

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9
Q

Inhibitory signal

A

Signals depress action

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Plays a role in learning and memory
Messenger between motor neurons and skeletal muscles
causes muscles to contract
without it paralysis occurs

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Associated with rewarded feelings

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

Bodies natural painkiller

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13
Q

Agonist

A

drug molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action

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14
Q

Antagonist

A

inhibits or blocks neurotransmitter actions

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

The bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network

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16
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axons of many neurons that form neural connections

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17
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

contain afferent nerve fibers
Carries information from sense organs to the central nervous system

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18
Q

Motor neurons

A

Contains efferent neurons
Carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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19
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord
responsible for coordinating incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons
connects the body to the central nervous system gathering information from the senses and transmitting messages from the CNS

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21
Q

Somatic peripheral nervous system

A

Controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Skeletal nervous system

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22
Q

Autonomic peripheral nervous system

A

Operates automatically
Responsible for homeostasis

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23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Arouses the body
Flight, freeze, fight
Accelerates heartbeat, raises blood pressure, slows digestion, raises blood sugar, and cools the body

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24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms the body
Rest and digest
Deaccelerates heartbeat, lowers blood pressure, stimulates digestion, processes waste, and calms the body

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25
Q

Endocrine system

A

“slow” chemical communication system
glands secrete hormones
hormones move through bloodstream

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26
Q

Adrenal glands

A

when the sympathetic nervous system is activated the adrenal glands release epinephrine to energize the body

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27
Q

Growth hormone

A

growth and metabolism

28
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates the uterine contractions of childbirth and milk secretion

29
Q

Lesion

A

Brain tissue is destroyed

30
Q

Stimulation

A

brain regions are stimulated electrically, chemically, or magnetically

31
Q

EEG
(electroencephalogram)

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity in neurons

32
Q

MEG
(Magnetoencephalography)

A

A head coil records magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical currents

33
Q

CT
(Computerized tomography)

A

X-rays of the head generates images that may locate brain damage

34
Q

PET
(Positron Emission tomography)

A

Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of a person given it performs a given task

35
Q

MRI
(Magnetic resonance imaging)

A

People sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure

36
Q

fMRI
(Functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

Measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI imaging

37
Q

Medulla

A

Base of the brain stem
Controls heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing

38
Q

The pons

A

Controls sleep
Helps coordinate movement

39
Q

Reticular formation

A

Helps control arousal
filters incoming sensory stimuli

40
Q

Thalamus

A

Serves as a relay station
Sends incoming and outgoing sensory signals to the portion of the brain responsible for processing sensory information

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Processing sensory input
coordinating balance and movement
nonverbal learning and memory
Referred to as the little brain

42
Q

Amygdala

A

Two lima-bean sized neural clusters
Linked to emotion, fear, and aggression

43
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Directs eating, drinking, and body temperature
helps govern the endocrine system
Linked to emotion and reward

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Helps process for storage explicit

45
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Speaking
motor movements
judgement
attention
decision-making

46
Q

pariteal lobes

A

receives and processes sensory input for taste, touch, and body position

47
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Auditory information
Home to primary auditory cortex

48
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Receives visual information
Home to primary visual cortex

49
Q

Motor cortex

A

Controls voluntary movements

50
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Registers information from the skin senses and body movement

51
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Recieves information from the ears

52
Q

Visual cortex

A

Recieves information from the eyes

53
Q

Brocas area

A

production of speech

54
Q

Wernickes area

A

comprehension of speech

55
Q

Plasticity

A

The brains ability to change, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

56
Q

Corpus collosum

A

A wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres

57
Q

Left hemisphere is involved in…

A

Speaking and language
Math calculations
making literal interpretations
controlling the right side of the body

58
Q

Right hemisphere is involved in

A

Perceptual tasks
Making inferences
Modulating speech
Visual perception
Recognition of emotion
Controlling the left side of the body

59
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

60
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

combines the study of brain activity with how we learn, think, remember, and percieve

61
Q

Dual processing

A

Information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

62
Q

Blindsight

A

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

63
Q

Parallel processing

A

Unconscious processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

64
Q

Sequential processing

A

Conscious processing or one aspect of a problem at a time

65
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic natural loss of consciousness

66
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night
Internal biological clock

67
Q
A

AP Psych Test (3 decks)

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