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AP Psych Test > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Process and transmit information
Basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus
The cell’s life support center

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

The bushy, branching expressions
Receive messages

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4
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

The fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons

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6
Q

Axon terminal branches

A

The ends of the axon contain terminal buttons, which hold synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons, producing the insulating myelin that speeds up connections

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8
Q

Excitatory signal

A

Signal trigger action

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9
Q

Inhibitory signal

A

Signals depress action

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Plays a role in learning and memory
Messenger between motor neurons and skeletal muscles
causes muscles to contract
without it paralysis occurs

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Associated with rewarded feelings

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

Bodies natural painkiller

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13
Q

Agonist

A

drug molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action

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14
Q

Antagonist

A

inhibits or blocks neurotransmitter actions

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

The bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network

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16
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axons of many neurons that form neural connections

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17
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

contain afferent nerve fibers
Carries information from sense organs to the central nervous system

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18
Q

Motor neurons

A

Contains efferent neurons
Carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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19
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord
responsible for coordinating incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons
connects the body to the central nervous system gathering information from the senses and transmitting messages from the CNS

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21
Q

Somatic peripheral nervous system

A

Controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Skeletal nervous system

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22
Q

Autonomic peripheral nervous system

A

Operates automatically
Responsible for homeostasis

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23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Arouses the body
Flight, freeze, fight
Accelerates heartbeat, raises blood pressure, slows digestion, raises blood sugar, and cools the body

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24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms the body
Rest and digest
Deaccelerates heartbeat, lowers blood pressure, stimulates digestion, processes waste, and calms the body

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25
Endocrine system
"slow" chemical communication system glands secrete hormones hormones move through bloodstream
26
Adrenal glands
when the sympathetic nervous system is activated the adrenal glands release epinephrine to energize the body
27
Growth hormone
growth and metabolism
28
Oxytocin
Stimulates the uterine contractions of childbirth and milk secretion
29
Lesion
Brain tissue is destroyed
30
Stimulation
brain regions are stimulated electrically, chemically, or magnetically
31
EEG (electroencephalogram)
Electrodes placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity in neurons
32
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
A head coil records magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical currents
33
CT (Computerized tomography)
X-rays of the head generates images that may locate brain damage
34
PET (Positron Emission tomography)
Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of a person given it performs a given task
35
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
People sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure
36
fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging)
Measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI imaging
37
Medulla
Base of the brain stem Controls heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing
38
The pons
Controls sleep Helps coordinate movement
39
Reticular formation
Helps control arousal filters incoming sensory stimuli
40
Thalamus
Serves as a relay station Sends incoming and outgoing sensory signals to the portion of the brain responsible for processing sensory information
41
Cerebellum
Processing sensory input coordinating balance and movement nonverbal learning and memory Referred to as the little brain
42
Amygdala
Two lima-bean sized neural clusters Linked to emotion, fear, and aggression
43
Hypothalamus
Directs eating, drinking, and body temperature helps govern the endocrine system Linked to emotion and reward
44
Hippocampus
Helps process for storage explicit
45
Frontal lobes
Speaking motor movements judgement attention decision-making
46
pariteal lobes
receives and processes sensory input for taste, touch, and body position
47
Temporal lobes
Auditory information Home to primary auditory cortex
48
Occipital lobes
Receives visual information Home to primary visual cortex
49
Motor cortex
Controls voluntary movements
50
Somatosensory cortex
Registers information from the skin senses and body movement
51
Auditory cortex
Recieves information from the ears
52
Visual cortex
Recieves information from the eyes
53
Brocas area
production of speech
54
Wernickes area
comprehension of speech
55
Plasticity
The brains ability to change, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
56
Corpus collosum
A wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres
57
Left hemisphere is involved in...
Speaking and language Math calculations making literal interpretations controlling the right side of the body
58
Right hemisphere is involved in
Perceptual tasks Making inferences Modulating speech Visual perception Recognition of emotion Controlling the left side of the body
59
Consciousness
Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
60
Cognitive neuroscience
combines the study of brain activity with how we learn, think, remember, and percieve
61
Dual processing
Information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
62
Blindsight
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
63
Parallel processing
Unconscious processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
64
Sequential processing
Conscious processing or one aspect of a problem at a time
65
Sleep
Periodic natural loss of consciousness
66
Circadian rhythm
Our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night Internal biological clock
67

AP Psych Test (3 decks)

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