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AH Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour and emotions to an animals behaviour

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2
Q

anthropoids

A

joint legged invertebrates that are identified by their segmented bodies, typically with pared appendages

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3
Q

chordates

A

sea squirts and vertebrates

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4
Q

convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar features in different species

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5
Q

divergent evolution

A

the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of a new species

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6
Q

duration

A

the length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period

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7
Q

elusive species

A

species that are difficult to see because of their habitat, behaviour or rarity

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8
Q

ethogram

A

list species-specific behaviours to be observed and recorded in the study

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9
Q

frequency

A

the number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period

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10
Q

indicator species

A

species that, by their presence absence or abundance, can give information about an environmental factor

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11
Q

latency

A

the time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour

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12
Q

mark and recapture

A

method for estimating population size, a sample of the population is captured, marked and released (M); after an interval of time a second sample captured (C); if some individuals in the second sample are recaptures (R); estimate of the total population (N) can be calculated

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13
Q

model organisms

A

organisms that are either easily studied or have been well studied to provide information that can be applied to other species that are more difficult to study directly

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14
Q

nematodes

A

ask called roundworms; unsegmented thread like body; many of them are parasitic, living inside their host

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15
Q

phylogenetics

A

the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

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16
Q

point count

A

sampling technique that involves the observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point

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17
Q

taxonomy

A

the identification and naming of organisms and their classification groups, based on shared characteristics

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18
Q

absolute fitness

A

the ratio between the number of individuals of a particular genotype after selection to those before selection

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19
Q

bottleneck effect

A

a sharp reduction in the size of the population due to environmental events or human activities

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20
Q

co-evolution

A

the process by which two or more species revolve in response to selection pressures imposed by each other

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21
Q

commensalism

A

symbiosis in which only one species benefits (+/0)

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22
Q

evolution

A

the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

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23
Q

female choice

A

a mechanism of sexual selection in which females asses males fitness and choose the male with which they will mate

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24
Q

fitness

A

a measure of the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving offspring than competing members of the same species - also shows low parasitic burden

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25
Q

founder effect

A

when the gene pool of a new population is not representative of that in the original gene pool; occurs through isolation

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26
Q

gene pool

A

the total number of genes and their alleles in a population of one species

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27
Q

Hardy weinberg principle

A

in the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over the generations

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

HW principle can only exist if:

  • No natural selection
  • Random mating
  • No mutations
  • No migration
  • Large population
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28
Q

male-male rivalry

A

a mechanism of sexual selection in which males fight for females

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29
Q

mutualism

A

both species are interdependent on each other for resources; as both organisms gain (+/+)

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30
Q

natural selection

A

thé non random increase in frequency of advantageous alleles

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31
Q

parasitism

A

symbiosis in which the parasite benefits (energy and nutrients) at the expense of the host (+/-)

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32
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

in a co-evolutionary relationship, change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on the other species

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33
Q

relative fitness

A

the ratio of the number of surviving offspring per an individual of a particular genotype to the number of surviving offspring per individual is the most successful genotype

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34
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

females are generally inconspicuous; males usually have more conspicuous markings, structures and behaviours

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35
Q

sexual selection

A

thé non random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individuals chances of mating and producing offspring

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36
Q

symbiosis

A

co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species

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37
Q

chiasmata

A

a point at which paired chromosome remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occurs between the strands

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38
Q

crossing over

A

The exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of two homologous, chromosomes that result in recombinant chromosomes during meiosis

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39
Q

cytokinesis

A

The physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

40
Q

hermaphrodites

A

Species that have functioning male and female reproductive organs in each individual

41
Q

hétérogamétique

A

dissimilar sex chromosomes for example, mammalian males where the Y chromosomes is much smaller than the X chromosome resulting in two kinds of gambit

42
Q

homogamétique

A

sex chromosomes that do not differ in morphology, resulting in only one kind of gamete

43
Q

homologous pair

A

A pair of chromosomes of the same size, centromere position and sequence of gene; one is of maternal origin and the other paternal

44
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

Inheritance of genetic material within a generation

45
Q

Independent assortment

A

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis, and on genes of different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair

46
Q

linked genes

A

Jeans located on the same chromosome

47
Q

Meiosis

A

The division of the nucleus that results in the formation of haploid gametes from a diploid gametocyte

48
Q

parthenogenesis

A

development of an offspring from a female gamete without fertilisation

49
Q

recombination

A

The establishment of new combinations of alleles following crossing over

50
Q

SRY gene

A

Gene on the Y chromosome that determines development of a male by expressing a protein called testes determining factor

51
Q

vegetative cloning

A

Any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants, in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parents plant or a specialised reproductive structure

52
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

A process by which most of one X chromosome is randomly inactivated to prevent a double dose of gene products which could be harmful to cells

53
Q

fixed action pattern

A

Species specific sequence of behaviours in which one behaviour leads to the next

54
Q

honest signals

A

Characteristics that can indicate fitness and favourable alleles that increase the chances of survival of offspring or low parasite burden, suggesting a healthy individual

55
Q

K selected species

A

Reading strategy in species that are larger live longer and produce relatively few larger offspring. They give a high level of parental care and offspring, have a high probability of surviving to adulthood

56
Q

lek

A

A communal area in which two or more males of a lekking species perform courtship displays called lekking

57
Q

Male – male rivalry

A

Males will fight for dominance and access to females for meeting through real or ritualised conflict

58
Q

Monogamy

A

The meeting of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others

59
Q

parental investment

A

Any parental expenditure that benefits offspring, it increases the offspring, chances of surviving and reproductive success at the expense of the parents ability to invest in another offspring

60
Q

Polyandry

A

One female meets with a number of males in the same breeding season

61
Q

polygamy

A

Individuals of one sex, having more than one mate

62
Q

polygyny

A

One male meet with the number of females in the same breeding season

63
Q

reversed, sexual dimorphism

A

Sexual dimorphism, in which females are more conspicuous than males

64
Q

R selected species

A

greeting strategy in species that are smaller mature more rapidly and produce a larger number of smaller offspring each of which receives limited parental care and most will not reach adulthood

65
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

The differences in appearance between males and females of the same species, such as in colour , shape, size and structure as a product of sexual selection

66
Q

Sexual selection

A

Selection for characteristics that have little survival benefit for the individual, but increase their chances of meeting

67
Q

Species specific sign stimulus

A

A feature or action that indicates intent, often to start courtship

68
Q

Courtship

A

Behaviour that leads to breeding success, courtship behaviour and birds and fish can be a result of species, specific stimuli and instinctive fixed action pattern responses

69
Q

antigenic variation

A

Change between different antigens during the course of infection of a host

70
Q

B lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce specific antibodies in response to specific antigens

71
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

where the niches of two species are so similar that one declines to local extinction

72
Q

Definitive host

A

The organism on, or in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity

73
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Parasites that lives on the surface of its host

74
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasites that lives within the tissues of its host

75
Q

epidemiology

A

The study of the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases

76
Q

Extended phenotype

A

The expression of a parasites genotype into the phenotype of its host, by manipulating the host phenotype to facilitate its transmission

77
Q

fundamental niche

A

The niche that is occupied in the absence of any inter specific competition

78
Q

gametocytes

A

The precursors of male and female gametes, otherwise known as the gametes Mother cell

79
Q

Heard immunity threshold

A

The density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent an epidemic

80
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a chemical board

81
Q

inflammatory response

A

Injured or wounded areas become warm and red due to increase blood flow, bringing white cells for defence

82
Q

intermediate host

A

A host that is normally used by parasite in the course of its life cycle, and in which it may multiply asexually, but not sexually

83
Q

latency in parasites

A

Viruses, escape, immune surveillance by integrating their genome and host genomes existing in an inactive state

84
Q

LEDC

A

Less economically developed country

85
Q

memory lymphocyte

A

Lymphocyte specific for a specific antigen; they are retained in the body following infection, and can produce a secondary response to the same antigen

86
Q

Natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes responsible for destroying abnormal cells. They can identify an attached to cells infected with viruses, releasing chemicals that lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis

87
Q

Niche

A

A multidimensional summary of tolerances and requirements of the species

88
Q

non-specific defences

A

General response to infection, including phagocytosis

89
Q

Phagocyte

A

White blood cell in non-specific defence in golfing and destroying foreign antigens; may also present antigens to lymphocytes

90
Q

Realised niche

A

The niche that is occupied in response to inter-specific competition

91
Q

Resource partitioning

A

where the realised niches are sufficiently different, that potential competitors can coexist by sharing resources

92
Q

R.N. a retroviruses

A

Viruses that use the enzyme reverse transcript is to form DNA from RNA. This is then inserted into the genome of the host cell.

93
Q

Specific cellular defences

A

Activity of the immune system in response to a particular pathogen triggered by antigens located on the surface of cells

94
Q

Transmission

A

The spread of a parasite to a host

95
Q

Vaccines

A

Contain antigens that will elicit an immune response and help develop memory cells

96
Q

Vector

A

An organism that does not cause disease itself, but which spreads the parasite from one host to another

97
Q

Virulence

A

The harm caused to a host species by a parasite

AH Biology (3 decks)

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