UNIT 2 Flashcards
- POSE ANY INJURY/HARM TO HEALTH, (SPECIMENS) CAUSE DISEASES
BIOHAZARD
POSE THREAT TO HEALTH BUT COMES FROM CHEMICAL REAGENTS EX. HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
A. Chemical Spills
In cases of chemical contact with skin and eyes, flush with large amounts of water
for AT LEAST _______.
15 MINUTES
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
In cases of chemical contact with skin and eyes, flush with large amounts of water
for AT LEAST 15 MINUTES.
Chemical Spills
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Emergency showers and eye wash stations should be present.
Chemical Spills
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
A. Chemical Spills
________ Should be able to dispense 30 to 50 gallons of water per minute at
a pressure of 20 to 50 psi
Safety showers
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
A. Chemical Spills
Safety showers Should be able to dispense __ to __ gallons of water per minute at
a pressure of __ to __ psi
30 to 50 gallons
20 to 50 psi
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemicals should be mixed following established instructions
Chemical Handling
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
B. Chemical Handling
Face velocity should be 100 to 120 feet/ minute
Fume Hood
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
B. Chemical Handling
Mixing chemicals should be done under the _________.
fume hood
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Add ACID TO WATER, not the other way around.
B. Chemical Handling
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
B. Chemical Handling
Add _____ TO ____, not the other way around.
ACID TO WATER
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Mouth pipetting is never accepted in the laboratory
Chemical Handling
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
B. Chemical Handling
Expel noxious and hazardous fumes from chemicals
Fume Hood
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
- Chemicals should be placed in easily manageable sizes
Chemical Storage
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
B. Chemical Handling
Face velocity should be ___ to ____ feet/ minute
100 to 120 feet/minute
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
B. Chemical Handling
______ is never accepted in the laboratory
Mouth pipetting
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Flammable liquids
Stored Separately
Flammable solids
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Air-reactive substances
Stored Separately
Others
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Stored Separately
Flammable solids
Substance
Flammable liquids
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Mineral acids
Stored Separately
Organic acids
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Stored Separately
Organic acids
Substance
Mineral Acids
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Heat-reactive substances requiring
refrigeration
Stored Separately
Others
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Caustics
Stored Separately
Oxidizers
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Perchloric acid
Stored Separately
Water-reactive substances
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Stored Separately
Oxidizers
Substance
Caustics
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Stored Separately
Water-reactive substances
Substance
Perchloric acid
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Required by OSHA to be present at workplaces that handles hazardous chemicals
Chemical Hygiene Plan
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
A document that presents the following information:
Appropriate work practices and standard operating procedures
Utilization of PPE
Engineering controls, such as fume hoods and flammables safety cabinets
Employee training requirements
Medical consultation guidelines
(Hardcopy; different in every facility)
Chemical Hygiene Plan
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Responsible for documenting and implementing the chemical hygiene plan
Chemical Hygiene Officer
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
C. Chemical Storage
Substance
Unstable substances (shock-sensitive
explosives)
Others
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Lists all of the hazardous chemical present in a workplace
Material Safety Data Sheet
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
- follow the manufacturer’s instructions
- store chemicals in easily manageable sizes
- separate certain substances from other substances
Chemical Storage
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Physical and chemical characteristics
Fire and explosion potential
Reactivity potential
Health hazards and emergency first aid procedures
Methods for safe handling and disposal
Material Safety Data Sheet
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemicals should be labelled with the description of their specific hazard
Chemical Labelling
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Poisonous
Poisonous
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Injurious to the skin or eyes by direct contact or to the tissue of the
respiratory and GIT if inhaled or ingested
Corrosive
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Cancer-causing chemicals
Carcinogenic
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Substances that can cause functional and physical defects in the human embryo or fetus after the pregnant mother is exposed to the substance
Teratogenic
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Substances that, under certain conditions, can spontaneously explode or ignite
Reactive
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Flammable
Flammable
In Basic Principles in Management of Chemical Hazards
Chemical Labelling
Combustible
Combustible
the temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off from the chemical to form an ignitable mixture with air.
Flash point
chemicals that have a flash point below < 37.8 C (100F) and is MORE dangerous
Flammable chemicals
chemicals that have a flash point equal to or above ≥37.80C (100F)
Combustible chemicals
It is very important that the workplace has appropriate chemical labels that will alert the laboratory personnel to specific hazards of a chemical. Hence, many clinical laboratories have adopted this. It is a symbol that is a diamond-shaped, color-coded symbol with four quadrants.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol.
Each quadrant represents a hazard that the chemical exposes the workers to. At a glance, emergency personnel can assess health hazards (blue quadrant), flammable
hazards (red quadrant), reactivity/stability hazards (yellow quadrant), and other special information (white quadrant) of the chemical. In addition, each quadrant shows the magnitude of severity, graded from a low of 0 to a high of 4, of the hazards within the
posted area.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
HEALTH HAZARD
Deadly
4
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
HEALTH HAZARD
Extreme Danger
3
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
HEALTH HAZARD
Hazardous
2
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
HEALTH HAZARD
Normal Material
0
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
FIRE HAZARD FLASH POINT
Below 73 F
4
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
FIRE HAZARD FLASH POINT
BELOW 100 F
3
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
FIRE HAZARD FLASH POINT
BELOW 200 F
2
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
FIRE HAZARD FLASH POINT
ABOVE 200 F
1
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
SPECIFIC HAZARD
OXY
OXIDIZER
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
SPECIFIC HAZARD
ACID
ACID
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
SPECIFIC HAZARD
ALK
ALKALI
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
SPECIFIC HAZARD
COR
CORROSIVE
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
REACTIVITY
MAY DETERIORATE
4
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
REACTIVITY
SHOCK AND HEAT MAY DETERIORATE
3
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
REACTIVITY
VIOLENT CHEMICAL CHANGE
2
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
REACTIVITY
UNSTABLE IF HEATED
1
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
REACTIVITY
STABLE
0
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
FIRE HAZARD FLASH POINT
WILL NOT BURN
0
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
SPECIFIC HAZARD
₩ (“W” with a horizontal line marked through)
USE NO WATER
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Symbol
Hazardous Materials Classification
SPECIFIC HAZARD
☢︎
RADIATION
FAHRENHEIT TO CELCIUS CONVERSION
73 F =
22.78 C
FAHRENHEIT TO CELCIUS CONVERSION
100 F
37.8 C
FIRE HAZARD
The chemistry of fire is presented by the
Fire Tetrahedron
FIRE HAZARD
presents the four components that should be present for fire to exist.
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
Uninhibited Reaction
Fire Tetrahedron
FIRE HAZARD
is a chain reaction where burning continues & accelerates
uninhibited reaction
FIRE HAZARD
SHOULD BE CONTINUOUS REACTION FOR FIRE TO GROW
IF YOU REMOVE ONE COMPONENT THEN THERE WILL BE NO FIRE
(CHEMICAL) REACTION
CLASSES OF FIRE
Involved Combustible Material
DRY COMBUSTIBLES
Ordinary combustible, paper, wood
plastic, fabric
CLASS OF FIRE A
CLASSES OF FIRE
Involved Combustible Material
LIQUID COMBUSTIBLES
Flammable liquids/ gases, and
combustible petroleum products
CLASS OF FIRE B
CLASSES OF FIRE
Involved Combustible Material
ELECTRICAL COMBUSTIBLES
Energized electrical equipment
CLASS OF FIRE C
CLASSES OF FIRE
Type of Fire Extinguisher
Pressurized water (A)
Dry Chemical (A,B,C)
CLASS OF FIRE A
CLASSES OF FIRE
Type of Fire Extinguisher
Carbon Dioxide (B,C)
Dry Chemical (A,B,C)
CLASS OF FIRE B
CLASSES OF FIRE
Type of Fire Extinguisher
Carbon Dioxide (B,C)
Dry Chemical (A,B,C)
Halon (Halogenated Extinguishers)
Halon is considered as the best
extinguisher for Class C fires
CLASS OF FIRE C
CLASSES OF FIRE
is considered as the best
extinguisher for Class C fires
Halon
CLASSES OF FIRE
Involved Combustible Material
METALS
Combustible/ reactive metals (Mg,
Na, K)
CLASS OF FIRE D
CLASSES OF FIRE
Involved Combustible Material
LIQUIDS
Liquids used in food preparation such
as grease, animal & vegetable oil
CLASS OF FIRE K
CLASSES OF FIRE
Type of Fire Extinguisher
Metal X
CLASS OF FIRE D
CLASSES OF FIRE
Type of Fire Extinguisher
Wet Chemical
CLASS OF FIRE K
Upon discovery of fire, R.A.C.E should be applied.
_____ anyone in immediate danger
RESCUE
Upon discovery of fire, R.A.C.E should be applied.
Activate the institutional fire alarm system
ALARM
Upon discovery of fire, R.A.C.E should be applied.
Close all doors to potentially affected areas
CONTAIN
Upon discovery of fire, R.A.C.E should be applied.
Attempt to ______ the fire, if possible. Exit the area.
EXTINGUISH
For proper utilization of fire extinguishers, remember the P.A.S.S.
___ pin
Pull
For proper utilization of fire extinguishers, remember the P.A.S.S.
___ at the BASE of the fire
Aim
For proper utilization of fire extinguishers, remember the P.A.S.S.
1ST S
______ handles
Squeeze
For proper utilization of fire extinguishers, remember the P.A.S.S.
2ND S
_______ nozzle side to side
Sweep
The clinical laboratory has many electrical equipment. If handled improperly, these
equipment can cause accidental shocks.
- FAULTY PLUGS ETC.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
Report frayed cords and overloaded circuits.
Designated personnel should monitor equipment closely.
Wet equipment should be allowed to dry before reusing.
Equipment should be unplugged before cleaning.
Never operate electrical equipment with wet hands.
Know the exact location of the electrical control panel for the electricity to your
work area.
All electrical equipment should be grounded with a three-pronged plug.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
In cases of accidents involving electrical shock:
Electrical source must be _________
removed immediately.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
In cases of accidents involving electrical shock:
________ the individual or the equipment involved.
Do not touch
Laboratory personnel should be aware of the __________ that are present in the
laboratory. The presence of heavy electrical equipment, the utilization of compressed
gases, and improperly placed machines are all possible causes of physical injuries.
- CAN CAUSE PHYSICAL INJURIES (THAT ARE SUDDEN)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Below are general precautions that should be observed to prevent physical injuries in
the clinical laboratory.
Avoid running in rooms and hallways
Bend the knees when lifting heavy objects
Keep long hair pulled back; Use close-toed shoes
Avoid dangling jewelry
Maintain a clean, orderly work area
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Nonionizing radiation are emitted by many equipment in the laboratory.
RADIOACTIVE HAZARD
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH
4-40 nm
TYPE
Ultraviolet
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH
1 cm+
TYPE
Low frequency
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH
3m-3mm
TYPE
Microwaves
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH
750nm-0.3cm
TYPE
Infrared
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH
400-750 nm
TYPE
Visible spectrum
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE
Radiofrequency coil in ICP-mass spectrometer
TYPE
Low frequency
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE
Energy-beam microwave used to accelerate tissue staining in histology-prep processes
TYPE
Microwaves
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE
Heat lamps, lasers
TYPE
Infrared
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE
General illumination and glare
TYPE
Visible spectrum
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE
Germicidal lamps used in biologic safety cabinets
TYPE
Ultraviolet
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Engineered shielding and posted pacemaker warning
TYPE
Low frequency
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Engineered shielding
TYPE
Microwaves
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Containment and appropriate warning labels
TYPE
Infared
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Filters, diffusers, and nonreflective surfaces
TYPE
Visible Spectrum
EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Eye and skin protection; UV warning labels
TYPE
Ultraviolet
Examples include needles, lancets, broken glass wares
SHARPS HAZARD
Present a biological hazard, transmission of blood-borne pathogens
SHARPS HAZARD
Should be disposed in a puncture-proof container
SHARPS HAZARD
SHARPS HAZARD Should be disposed in a __________
puncture-proof container
Strain disorders caused by repetitive and tedious manual tasks
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
If a microscope is positioned too low for the microscopist, the user will need to hunch, placing a lot of stress and strain on his/ her upper back and neck every time he/she uses the said microscope. Because of the repetitive nature of the task ( a medical technologist in the microbiology section will need to use the said equipment multiple times in a day), he/she will eventually develop strain disorders of the upper back if the practice is not corrected.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
IS USUALLY THE ACCUMULATED TYPE OF INJURY FOR ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
Primary contributing factors:
Position/ Posture
Applied force
Frequency of repetition
Positioning of equipment
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
There are many types of wastes that are generated by the clinical laboratory. For proper segregation of wastes, the clinical laboratory utilizes _______
Color-coded Garbage Bags
A. Color-coded Garbage Bags
General wastes; Dry, non-infectious
Black
A. Color-coded Garbage Bags
Wet, non-infectious wastes
Green
A. Color-coded Garbage Bags
Wet, infectious wastes
Yellow
A. Color-coded Garbage Bags
Sharps (Puncture-proof containers)
Red
A. Color-coded Garbage Bags
Radioactive wastes
Orange
A. Color-coded Garbage Bags
Chemical wastes
Yellow with black band
All, EXCEPT URINE, must be placed in appropriate containers with the biohazard
symbol
Biological Waste Disposal
All, EXCEPT ____, must be placed in appropriate containers with the biohazard
symbol
URINE
- The waste is then decontaminated following institutional policy
Soaking the sample in 5% Lysol or 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for at least
15 minutes
Autoclaving
Pickup by a certified hazardous waste company
Biological Waste Disposal
B. Biological Waste Disposal
- The waste is then decontaminated following institutional policy
Soaking the sample in _% Lysol or _% sodium hypochlorite solution for at least
__ minutes
Autoclaving (121 C at 15 PSI)
Pickup by a certified hazardous waste company
5% Lysol or 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for at least
15 minutes
B. Biological Waste Disposal
Urine may be discarded by pouring it in a ________
laboratory sink
Urine may be discarded by pouring it in a laboratory sink
Biological Waste Disposal
B. Biological Waste Disposal
Urine may be discarded by pouring it in a laboratory sink
Disinfection of the sink using a ____ or ___ DILUTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE should be performed DAILY
1:5 or 1:10
B. Biological Waste Disposal
Urine may be discarded by pouring it in a laboratory sink
Disinfection of the sink using a 1:5 or 1:10 DILUTION OF ________ should be performed DAILY
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
B. Biological Waste Disposal
Urine may be discarded by pouring it in a laboratory sink
Sodium hypochlorite dilutions stored in plastic bottles are effective for __________
if protected from light after preparation
one month
B. Biological Waste Disposal
Empty urine containers can be discarded as _________ hazardous materials
non-biologically
Empty urine containers can be discarded as non-biologically hazardous materials
Biological Waste Disposal
