UNIT 1 Flashcards by lady henituse

anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm (to medtech)

hazard

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the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or loss) will happen

risk

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aims to provide all employees a safe work environment. It was enacted by the US congress in 1970 and has widely been used as a basis by many countries internationally to come up with their own regulations concerning safety in the workplace.

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

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the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set. It is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether
an employer is complying with the mandatory standards.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA)

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include all pathogen or disease-causing microorganisms. These microorganisms are frequently present in the specimens that are processed in the clinical
laboratory.
pose any injury/harm to health; cause diseases (specimens)

Biohazards

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illustrates how pathogens are transmitted. Understanding is essential for one to identify measures that will prevent infection. (in no particular order)

Chain of infection

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The disease-causing microorganism

infectious agent/pathogen

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Animate/ inanimate object where the infectious agent is found normally
living (that would allow to thrive and multiply/replicate/survive on to infect another host)
ex: human (infected patient like hiv), animal (dogs, bats with rabies), and inanimate - hook askaris tricoris (soil transmitted helminths)

reservoir

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Routes and means utilized by the microorganism to escape from the reservoir (only applicable to live reservoirs) ex. body fluids
- hiv (blood/sperm) ascaris lumbricoides (feces/stool)

portal of exit

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Method of conduction from the reservoir to the susceptible host

mode of transmission

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person to person

contact transmission

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Involves actual contact/ close proximity of the infected individual and the susceptible host (skin to skin)

direct transmission

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subtype of direct contact transmission; “Mother-to-baby” transmission

vertical transmission

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subtype of vertical direct contact transmission; Transfer of infectious agent happens BEFORE birth usually by crossing the placenta (baby is still in the womb; mothers blood passes to the baby)
ex: varicella (zoster virus/chicken pox)
(2nd infection shingles - more severe causes sterility in adults)

Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission

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subtype of vertical direct contact transmission; Transfer happens
during passage through the birth canal; during childbirth, contact with cervix/vagina
ex: herpes (simplex virus)
(type 1 - oral area, type 2 - genital area)
gonorrhea (can cause prenatal conjunctivitis)

Perinatal Transmission

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subtype of direct contact transmission; Transmission from a person to another person within a group; No specificity when it comes to the involved hosts (contact)
ex: common cold, shaking hands

horizontal transmission

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Includes Transmission by Fomites

indirect contact

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Non-living object that may transmit an infectious disease (tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, doorknobs, bedding, etc)

Fomites

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Respiratory particles of moisture containing an infectious agent
(coughing, sneezing, and talking) Usually have a diameter of >5 micrometers and capable only of traveling short distances (<1 meter)
time: sec-mins, PERSON TO PERSON IS NECESSARY

droplets/droplet transmission

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Pathogen is spread through droplet nuclei (remnants after
evaporation of droplets)
- has a diameter less than 5 micrometers and are typically capable of travelling distances greater than 1 meter time: mins-hours NO NEED FOR PERSON TO PERSON CONTACT

airborne transmission

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Transfer of infectious agents by an inanimate medium (soil, water, food)

common vehicle transmission

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Pathogens are spread by contaminated water, usually with untreated or poorly treated sewage (cholera/vibrio cholerae and leptospirosis)

waterborne transmission

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The pathogens usually develop in soil and is subsequently acquired by the susceptible host from the soil (Hookworm infection and Ascariasis) (hook askaris tricoris (soil transmitted helminths)

soil-borne transmission

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Invertebrates capable of harbouring infectious agent

vector/vector-borne transmission

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type of vector-borne transmission that utilizes **mechanical vectors**, The infectious agent **WILL NOT develop while being transported** by the vector (not allow progression, taxi of pathogen, pass in egg form) ex: housefly (salmonella typhi)

Mechanical transmission

type of vector-borne transmission that utilizes **biological vectors**, the infectious agent **WILL develop while being transported** by the vector (progress egg to larvae/progression of life cycle) ex: mosquito (P. falciparum) malaria

biological transmission

Routes through which the pathogen enter the host (V. cholerae - gastrointestinal tract = disease; respiratory tract = no disease)

portal of entry

If not followed, the entry of the infectious agent to the susceptible human host will result to non-development of a disease or a milder form of the disease

preferred portal of entry

if healthy it (pathogen/infectious agent) will not survive; no infection

SUSCEPTIBLE HUMAN HOST

The three components that are incorporated in this model are: (a) source, (b) transmission, and (c) host.

CHAIN OF INFECTION: 3-PART MODEL

has four circles and is universally adapted to warn about the existence of biological hazards.

biohazard symbol

(pathogen, reservoir, source) Hand washing Biohazardous waste disposal Decontamination Specimen bagging

source

(portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit) Hand washing Personal protective equipment Aerosol prevention Sterile/disposable equipment Pest control

mode of transmission

(susceptible host) Standard precautions Immunization Healthy lifestyle Exposure control plan Postexposure prophylaxis

host

**Not known to consistently cause diseases** in healthy adults (Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium gordonae)

biosafety level 1 agent

Relatively common agents that are associated with **human disease Routes** of transmission include percutaneous injury, ingestion, and mucous membrane exposure Escherichia coli, Hepatitis B virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Influenza virus

biosafety level 2 agent

Indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation route of exposure Bacillus anthracis, Francisella, Brucella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mold stages of systemic fungi

biosafety level 3 agent

**Dangerous or exotic agents** which post high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections that are frequently fatal, for which **there are no vaccines or treatments** Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers

biosafety level 4 agent

Agents **not associated with disease in healthy adult humans** No or **low individual and community risk**

risk group 1

Agents associated with human disease that is **rarely serious** and for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available. **Moderate individual risk; low community risk**

risk group 2

Agents associated with **serious or lethal** human disease for which **preventive or therapeutic interventions may be available (high individual risk but low community risk)**

risk group 3

Agents likely to cause **serious or lethal** human disease for which **preventive or therapeutic interventions are not usually available (high individual risk and high community risk).**

risk group 4

protects people from germs/pathogens “Containment principles, technologies, and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens or toxins, or their accidental release

biosafety

protects (dangerous) germs/pathogens from people/terrorists “The protection, control, and accountability for valuable biological materials within the laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft , misuse, diversion, or intentional release

biosecurity

Mandates that personnel should treat all **blood** and blood-contaminated samples **as potentially infectious** - did not treat other bodily fluids that are not visibly contaminated with blood as potentially infectious

universal precautions

Considers all **body fluids** and moist body substances to be **potentially infectious** Did not recommend hand washing following removal of gloves unless visual contamination is present

body substance isolation

Combined major features of universal precautions and body substance isolation, **Most commonly implemented by clinical laboratories** Essentials include proper hand washing, utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), and preventing exposure to potentially infectious aerosols/ droplets

standard precautions

Single most effective way of controlling the spread of infectious diseases

PROPER HAND WASHING

a. Wet hands with clean, running water and apply soap. b. Rub hands together to make a lather According to WHO guidelines,rubbing of hands should last for AT LEAST ______ Proper duration of hand-rubbing is approximately equal to the duration of singing _______ c. Rinse hand with clean water d. Dry hands with single-use towel and use towel to turn off the faucet

- 20 SECONDS - 2 HAPPY BIRTHDAY SONGS

Protective clothing, helmets and other garments designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury or infection Common PPE worn by laboratory personnel: Laboratory gown Scrub suits Head cover Goggles Respirators Rubber boots and overshoes Medical Mask Face Shield

UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Device that **encloses a workplace** in such a way that **protects the workers** from exposure to aerosols that may potentially contain infectious disease agents

BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)

Air that may contain infectious agent is sterilized by passing through the filter (Characterized by pores having a diameter of 0.3 um, Removes air-suspended materials having diameter greater than 0.3 um o Capable of removing up to **99.97%** of air-suspended materials)

HEPA filter/High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter

Pathogens are transmitted in *foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions* (tapeworm infection, salmonella typhi, taenia spp.)

foodborne transmission

Aka Open Front BSC **provides worker and environment protection BUT DOES NOT provide product/sample protection.** - Allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the working area and the materials within **Does not protect the sample/ product from possible contamination** - Before being exhausted from the cabinet: Air passes through HEPA filter, sterilizing the air to be exhausted **Protects the worker and the environment from potentially infectious aerosols**

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

**provides worker protection, product/ sample protection, and environmental protection.** **Protects the worker from potentially infectious aerosols; Also capable of protecting the sample from possible contamination** Air passes through HEPA filter BEFORE flowing over the materials within Air that reaches the materials within the working area is already sterile, **Protects the specimen from contamination** Air to be exhausted first passes through HEPA filter Protects the worker and the environment from potentially infectious aerosols

biosafety cabinet class 2

Types of BSC II BSC Class IIA: __% of air is recirculated to the working area; __% of air is exhausted BSC Class IIB1: __% of air is recirculated to the working area; __% of air is exhausted BSC Cass IIB2: __ recirculation of air; Total exhaust of air through an exhaust HEPA filter

- 70% 30% - 30% 70% - no

Completely enclosed and are equipped with **glove ports;** Infectious material within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed

Biosafety Cabinet Class 3

**Minimal Risk**; Only Biosafety Level 1 agents are encountered (not cause diseases) Practices include the essentials of Standard precautions **Does not utilize Biological Safety Cabinets, only needs hand washing facilities**

biosafety level 1

**Moderate Risk**; Biosafety Level 2 agents are likely to be encountered Vaccination against common infectious agents such as Hepatitis B Limiting access to the laboratory during working procedures Training laboratory personnel in handling pathogenic agents Direction by competent supervisors **biosafety cabinet level 1 and 2** **common vehicle transmission except for airborne transmission**

biosafety level 2

**High risk**; Biosafety Level 3 agents are encountered Controlled access Decontamination of all wastes Decontamination of laboratory clothing before laundering **biosafety cabinet level 1 2 and 3** **airborne transmission but treatment and prevention is AVAILABLE**

biosafety level 3

**Extreme risk**; Biosafety Level 4 agents are encountered Clothing change before entering Shower on exit Special protective clothing **biosafety cabinet level 3 ONLY** **airborne transmission but treatment and prevention is NOT AVAILABLE**

biosafety level 4

establishment of biosafety and biosecurity manual in a clinical laboratory creates a safe work environment

DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027, also known as the “Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines”