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BIO 181 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Speciation

A

appearance of a new species, source of biodiversity

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2
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

species are identified by having a unique combo of traits (can be applied to all organisms)

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3
Q

Biological species concept

A

a population or group of populations who’s members have the ability to interbreed

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4
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

geographic barrier (prevents contact), habitat isolation (utilize different resources), temporal isolation (reproduce at diff times of day or year), behavioral (behavior impacts mate choice), mechanical (size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating), and gametic (gametes fail to unite successfully {water + air species especially}).

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5
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

hybrid inviability (fertilized egg cannot progress past and early embryo), sterility (interspecies hybrid viable but sterile), hybrid breakdown (hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities).

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6
Q

Allopatric

A

geographic barriers, movement of a small population to a new location

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7
Q

Sympatric

A

non-geographic barriers, abrupt genetic change, exploitation of resources not used by parent population

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8
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

a single species evolves into an array of descendants that differ greatly in form and or behavior

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9
Q

Hybridization

A

prior to complete reproductive isolation, the zones where two populations can interbreed are known as hybrid zones

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10
Q

Population

A

group of same specie in the same area

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11
Q

Checks on population

A

Density dependent factors (disease, competition for resources [inter and intra specific], predation, parasitism)
Density independent factors (rough, freezes, floods, forest fires, storms, pollution, rapid habitat loss)

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12
Q

Population ecology

A

interaction with environment, number of ind. change over time, proportion of male to female, age/fertility/death

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13
Q

Demography

A

study of factors that determine size and structure

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14
Q

Population growth

A

change in number of ind. in population per unit time
Births-deaths or per capita rate of increase, r (growth rate)

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15
Q

Population dynamics

A

interaction of all factors

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16
Q

Exponential growth model

A

population increases under ideal conditions, cannot continue indefinitely in the real world, happens when pops are colonizing new habitats and recovering, J-curve model

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17
Q

Logistic growth model

A

carrying capacity (K): max number of ind. in pop that can be supported by a particular habitat over a period of time, if pop=K then pop growth rate is 0

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18
Q

Life tables

A

summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given year over the course of its lifetime

alive (nx): # of ind. alive at the start of time period
# dying (dx): # of ind. that die from 1 year to next
mortality rate: dx/nx
survivorship (lx): ind. surviving to a specific age (age x) —– lx=nx/n0

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19
Q

Fecundity/age-specific fertility (mx)

A

of offspring per surviving female of age class “x”: [offspring produced at age class]/nx

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20
Q

Net reproductive rate (Ro)

A

sum of lx mx
Ro > 1; growth
Ro < 1; decline
Ro = 1; equilibrium

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21
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Type 1: low mortality of young
Type 2: uniform rate of decline
Type 3: high mortality rate of young
r = about per capita
K = carrying capacity

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22
Q

Total population size

A

(# of marked ind. 1st catch x total # 2nd catch)/# of marked recaptures in 2nd catch

23
Q

Dispersion patterns

A

Clumped spacing: most common
Uniform spacing: competition may cause this pattern
Random spacing: rarest

24
Q

Metapopulations

A

occurs in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat
implications: continuous colonization prevents long term extinction

25
Q

Semelparity

A

produces all offspring in a single reproductive event, ind. reproduce one and die

26
Q

Iterroparity

A

reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons

27
Q

Seasonal iteroparity

A

distinct breeding seasons

28
Q

Continuous iteroparity

A

reproduce repeatedly at any time of the year

29
Q

Community ecology

A

interacting population of same and diff species living with a given area; interspecific interactions and intraspecific interactions

30
Q

Resource competition

A

organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resource

31
Q

Interference competition

A

individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation

32
Q

Ecological niche

A

match of species to a specific environment

33
Q

Symbiosis

A

two organisms living in direct contact with each other for a brief or long period of time

34
Q

Mutualism

A

benefits both species (+/+)

35
Q

Commensalism

A

benefits one, does not affect the other (+/0)

36
Q

Parasitism

A

benefits one (symbiont), harms the other (host) (+/-)

37
Q

Endoparasites

A

lives within the body of the host

38
Q

Ectoparasites

A

lives on the surface of the host

39
Q

Parasitoidism

A

deposit eggs on or in the host

40
Q

Endosymbiont

A

organism that lives inside another

41
Q

Phoresy

A

type of commensalism; one organism uses another for transportation

42
Q

Coevolution

A

the mutual evolutionary influence between two species (the evolution of two species totally dependent on each other)

43
Q

Species diversity

A

species richness: the total # of diff species
relative abundance: the proportion each species represents

44
Q

Biogeographic factors

A

location and size, equatorial - polar gradients (closer to the equator you get the more diversity increases)

45
Q

Dominant species

A

the most abundant

46
Q

Keystone species

A

the most influential

47
Q

Foundation species

A

one that allows the other species to inhabit a given area by altering the environment

48
Q

Anagenesis

A

Anagenesis is the gradual evolution of a species that continues to exist as an interbreeding population

49
Q

Cladogenesis

A

occurs when there is branching or splitting, leading to two or more lineages and resulting in separate species

50
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

when a species mimics the warning signals of another species without having the characteristics that make it undesirable to their shared predator

51
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and sharing common predators, have come to mimic each other’s honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit.

52
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

reduces the likelihood of detection/recognition by potential predators (camouflage)

53
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

advertises unprofitability and thereby reduces the likelihood of attack

BIO 181 (4 decks)

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