unit 2

Question 1

what is homeostasis and how the endocrine system involved

Answer 1

homeostasis- maintain constant internal enviroment regardless of the changes in the external environment

Question 2

explain the endocrine glands and associated hormones

Question 3

what is the difference between a hormone, neurohormone, and a neurotransmitter

Answer 3

hormone- chemical signal that is secreted (travels) into the blood to act on distant tissue
- just releases when levels are low
- short distance

neurohormone- chemical secreted into blood from a NEURON (than acts on distant tissue)
- caused by action potential

nervous system- uses neurotransmitters (synapse, very quick process)

endocrine system- neurohormones and hormones ( travel through the blood, slower)

neurotransmitters- short area communication

neurohormones-
act on distant tissue because can travel through the blood

Question 4

what are the types of different hormones? what makes them different?

Answer 4

peptide hormones
- hypothalamus
- anterior/ posterior hormones

• hydrophilic (lipid hating- cannot pass through membrane…
• membrane receptor on edge of cell
• fast acting
  -stimulus, can release right away

Question 5

types of communication in the body

Answer 5

central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system- nerves

endocrine system
- hormones

local control
- paracrine
-autocrine
-jap junctions

Question 6

compare different types of hormones? protein/steroid/ amine

Question 7

nervous system vs endocrine system

Answer 7

nervous system-
neurotransmitters
travel through blood
very fast

endocrine system-
hormones
liver
slower

Question 8

how are hormone released regulated

Answer 8

• hormones released through the blood throughout the whole body
• regulated because only bind to specific receptors
• so only target cell with express the receptor

Question 9

what is the role of oxytocin and ADH

Answer 9

hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via the hypothermic hypophyseal tract

oxytocin
- peptide hormone

make you feel happy and comforted
promotes milk excretion

ADH
- peptide hormone

promotes water reabsorption in kidneys

Question 10

describe structure and location of the thyroid gland

Answer 10

colloid structure in the neck
- site of t3/t4 storage
capillary
- stimulus, TSH arrives to thyroid through blood
follicular cell
- site of t3/t4 synthesis

Question 11

how is t3 made?

Answer 11

thyroxine and iodine t

• come from nutrition
  -etc. iodine table salt

Question 12

what happens if not enough iodine in diet?

• cant make t3?

Question 13

how is thyroid levels monitored in blood

Answer 13

negative feedback loop
- if too much, stop producing it

Question 14

how are thyroid hormones produced? what stimulates there release

Answer 14

produced by tyrosine and iodine (precursors)

taken into the colloid
synthesized and released when stimulated by TSH releasee

Question 15

what are some functions of thyroid hormone

Answer 15

cardiac function: increases cardio output and resting heart rate

• basal metabolic rate
• dilates vasculature in skin and to muscles
• stimulates oxygen delivery
  ( move hemoglobin)
• bone remodeling
• wake and alertness
• reproductive
• kidney (medication assit)

Question 16

hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism

Question 17

what’s the cause if a goiter

Answer 17

hypothyroidism

• iodine definency
• body doesn’t have enough iodine to make T3 and T4
• no negative feedback to shut off TSH./TRH stimulation
• lots produced
  -thyroid grows in size

Question 18

what is the effect if a tumour on the hypothalamus

Question 19

symptoms of graves disease

Answer 19

most common hyperthyroidism

treated. by medication that decreases the amount of T3 and T4 produced

Question 20

how are steroid hormones produced? what are the five categories of steroid hormones

Question 21

what is the feedback pathway for regulating levels of cortisol

Question 22

what is crushing disease? symptoms?

Question 23

what are the effects of increased epinephrine in the body?

Answer 23

increased glucongenesis (blood glucose levels)

increased heart rate

relax airways

increase blood pressure, constrict blood vessels

Question 24

how does insulin and glucagon influence blood glucose

Question 25

what does aldosterone do

Answer 25

acts on kidneys and increases Na absorption

example of mineralocorticoids (sterol protein) ( from adrenal cortex- adrenal gland )