Physiology- Term two

Question 1

ear canal

Answer 1

funnels and conducts the sound to the middle ear

Question 2

pina or outer ear

Answer 2

directs sound

Question 3

motor unit vs motor unit pool

Answer 3

motor unit- one motor neuron
-few muscle fibres, smaller fine movements

motor unit pool
-multiple motor neurone supply nerves for one muscle
- not just one neutron, many motor neurons communicate with muscle

Question 4

how is muscle force increased

Answer 4

• recruitment of more motor neurons (when activity increase)
• increased activity of motor neurons (more contraction of muscle fibres, more action potentials)

Question 5

how does sensory information enter spinal cord and leave

Answer 5

sensory information enters spinal cord via dorsal root

motor neurons
- leave ventral root

Question 6

proprioception

Answer 6

knowing where our body is in space
- sense the position of our muscles
-know how stretched or contracted they are

Question 7

comparison–

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

Answer 7

when contract by activation…
muscle spindles- spindles unload, decrease their discharge rate

Golgi tendon- firing increases when extrafusal fibres contract

Question 8

what would happen if only alpha motor neuron muscle fibre contracted

Question 9

cerebellum function

Answer 9

evaluates differences between intended action and actual action when movements in progress

receives imput and sends projections back to them

*transmission can be modified within this loop
** moditification is critical for adaption and learning

**and planning and carrying out movements

Question 10

symptoms of cerebellar damage

Answer 10

• dysmetrica and decomposition of movement

-wide gait
-instability of trunk
-irregular staggering steps

Question 11

describe the cerebellar circuit
- two types of imput neurons
- where they synapse

Answer 11

climbing fibres

Question 12

how ideas merge into movement

Answer 12

planning movement
- cerebellum
- cortical association area
-basal ganglia

initiating movement
- motor cortex

executing movement
- cerebellum

Question 13

inputs and outputs of the cerebellum

Question 14

basal ganglia

Answer 14

function- regulating and planning movements

receives input through the cortex and projects back to the cortex through the thalamus