Unit 2 Flashcards by Kendall Johnson

brain and spinal cord, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion

CNS

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all nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord, subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems

PNS

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bundles of neuron fibers

nerves

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nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors, carries info to and from CNS

somatic nervous system

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nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands, controls involuntary functions

autonomic nervous system

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mobilizes body’s resources for emergencies

sympathetic

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conserve bodily resources

parasympathetic

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cell body; contains nucleus

soma

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receive info

dendrite

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long, thin fiber; transmits signals from soma to other neurons or muscles

axon

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insulating material (glia) around axon

Myelin Sheath

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secrete neurotransmitters

terminal button

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space between neurons; info transmitted

synapse

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send a message to other neurons, keeps our body in communication with every part of it

purpose of neurons

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a neuron’s stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive (reload)

resting potential

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when excitatory signals (minus the inhibitory signals) received by a neuron exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential

threshold

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brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon (fire)

action potential

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min. length of time after an action potential during which another AP cannot begin (await my command)

refractory period

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vital functions. Consists of medulla, pons, cerebellum

hindbrain

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sensory functions. Consists of reticular formation

midbrain

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emotion, complex thought. Consists of limbic system, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, cortex, corpus callosum

forebrain

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located near the forehead, movement, executive control systems, decision making

frontal lobe

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located top to rear head, sensory information

parietal lobe

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located back of head, visual processes

occipital lobe

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located side of head, hearing and balance, important in memory

temporal lobe

light enters through cornea, lens, retina, optic disk, iris, pupil, cones, fovea, rods

sight

external ear depends on vibrations of molecules, pinna collects sound and funnels it down auditory canal to eardrum

hearing

taste buds absorb chemical dissolved in saliva, which trigger neural impulses

taste

skin has receptive fields where CNS cells are most sensitive

touch

Olfactory cilia are located in the upper passages of the nasal passages, they have axons that synapse directly with cells in base of the brain

smell

responds to gravity and keeps you informed of your body’s location, equilibrium

vestibular

monitors the position of the various parts of the body

kinesthetic

a dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable affect

thresholds

the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect 50% of the time

absolute threshold

the detection of stimuli involves decision processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus and intensity

signal detection theory

registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

subliminal messages

the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect

just noticeable difference

a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

sensory adaptation

things near one another seem to belong together

proximity

we group things that are similar

similarity

tendency to follow the direction you are led

continuity

group in order to create completeness

closure

organize in simplest way possible

simplicity

interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are

depth perception

clues about distance based on the differing views of two eyes

binocular cues

clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone

monocular cues

parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer or converge

linear perspective

If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away.

relative size

one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth

interposition

the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away

texture gradient

the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.

constancies

the tendency to perceive a familiar object as having the same color under different conditions of illumination

color constancy

lightest level, body twitches and eyes roll.

stage 1 of sleep

low frequency waves, eyes roll side to side, lasts about 30 minutes

stage 2 of sleep

deeper sleep.

stage 3 of sleep

deepest sleep, almost impossible to be awaken.

stage 4 of sleep

lasts 15-45 min, eyes move rapidly and muscles are paralyzed

REM sleep

failure to sleep enough at night

insomnia

person stops breathing while asleep

apnea

overwhelming periods of sleep and fatigue

narcolepsy

screaming, sweating, rapid heartbeat, no memory of it

night terrors

Random brain cells being stimulated and the “story” is created after we awake

hobson dream theory

Brain is problem solving, Reflecting on waking self

jung dream theories

Brain is storing or deleting sensory information

dream theory

brain is keeping ideas worth keeping

idea darwinism

Form of altered consciousness in which people become suggestible to behavioral changes

what is hypnosis

people are just suggestible and its not a state of consciousness

barber hypnosis theory

hidden observer effect

hilgard hypnosis theory

Can be used for pain reduction, aiding memory recollection, athletes in high stress situations, and helps people solve and gain insight into their lives

uses for hypnosis

interacts with the CNS, can alter a person’s mood, perception, and behavior

psychoactive drugs

Diminishing effect with regular use

tolerance

discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

withdrawal

drugs that reduce neural activity

depressants

drugs that excite neural activity

stimulants

intoxicant and hallucinogen, active ingredient = THC. augmented sensory experiences, elation, relaxed state. Can cause unpleasant experiences, lung issues, not physically addictive

marijuana

causes rapid changing hallucinations, can cause panic attacks and hallucination state to be reentered randomly. Opens parts of the creative mind

LSD

stimulates the brain and CNS, increases alertness and wakefulness, elevates mood, increases speech and motor activity

stimulants

includes morphine, opium, heroin, reduces pain and causes euphoria, physically addictive, can cause the heart to stop, painful withdrawal

opiates AKA narcotics

causes a losing of inhibitions, people will say and do things they wouldn’t normally do. Alcohol, barbiturates

depressants