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AP Psych > Emotion, Motivation, Cognition > Flashcards

Emotion, Motivation, Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is emotion

A

a mix of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience

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2
Q

amygdala

A

plays a primary role and the right hemisphere is active during many displays of emotion.

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3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

releases acetylcholine that prepares the body for vigorous activity

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4
Q

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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5
Q

James Lange theory of emotion

A

emotional stimulus causes physical reaction, physical reaction causes emotion

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6
Q

Cannon Bard theory of emotion

A

an emotional awareness and an internal physiological response occur at the same time

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7
Q

Schater two factor theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal determines the strength of the emotion, while cognitive appraisal identifies the emotion label

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8
Q

expression of emotion

A

depends on the situation and who is present, and display rules, which are designed to exaggerate, minimize, or mask emotional expressions

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9
Q

instinct

A

an unlearned behavior that is passed down from generation to generation

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10
Q

drive reduction

A

we are driven by basic biological needs

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11
Q

Arousal and Yerkes Dodsons law

A

we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal, and most of us perform best with an optimum level of arousal

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12
Q

opponent process theory of emotion

A

people start at a baseline state, they want to move off this initial state because of motivation to return to baseline, and they experience withdrawal when off this baseline for a certain amount of time

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13
Q

incentive

A

we learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishments

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14
Q

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

A

physiological needs, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization

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15
Q

Biological causes of hunger motivation

A

glucose, insulin, and fatty acid theory. Set point theory sends signals to hypothalamus that tells us to eat

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16
Q

psychological causes of hunger motivation

A

external cues like smell, internal cues like empty stomach

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16
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

advocate for spreading knowledge about sex, began the scientific study of sex

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17
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

observed people having sex to understand dysfunction, arousal, etc. Claimed they could cure homosexuality

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18
Q

sexual response cycle

A

initial excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

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19
Q

gender and orientation studies

A

has possible biological influences, there are different brain structures in homosexual and heterosexual males.

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20
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

rewards we get internally

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21
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

rewards we get for accomplishments outside of ourselves

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22
Q

approach approach

A

when you must choose between two desirable outcomes

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23
Q

avoidance avoidance

A

when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes

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24
Q

approach avoidance

A

when one goal or event has positive and negative features

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25
Q

multiple approach avoidance

A

when you must choose between two or more things, and each has positive and negative features

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26
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

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27
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest combination of words that carry a meaning. Can be a prefix or suffix

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28
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest distinctive sound unit

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29
Q

grammar

A

a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others

30
Q

semantics

A

the set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language

31
Q

syntax

A

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

32
Q

babbling/reflexive

A

infant makes spontaneous sounds not related to household language. 3-4 months.

33
Q

babbling cont.

A

infant reveals household language, 10 months.

34
Q

one word

A

12 months, using one word to communicate large meanings.

35
Q

two word

A

24 months, uses content words to communicate meanings, “go car”

36
Q

three word

A

24+ months, language develops rapidly into complete sentences

37
Q

skinner’s theory of language development

A

thought that we can explain language development through social learning theory. Imitation, modeling, reinforcement.

38
Q

chomsky’s theory of language development

A

says we have a “learning box” in our heads that enables us to learn any human language

39
Q

Worf’s theory of linguistic relativity

A

the idea that language determines the way we think and not vice versa

40
Q

cognition

A

mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

41
Q

concepts

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people

42
Q

schemas

A

knowledge clusters that provide expectations about topics, events, objects, people, and situations in one’s life

43
Q

hierarchies

A

what we store our declarative memories into

44
Q

prototypes

A

the best example of a category, we base our concepts off of them

45
Q

algorithim

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem

46
Q

heuristic

A

rule of thumb strategy that often allows use to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, a shortcut that can be prone to errors

47
Q

insight learning

A

sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem, no real strategy involved

48
Q

obstacles to problem solving

A

self imposed limitations, lack of interest, fatigue, drugs

49
Q

encoding

A

processing of info into the memory system, like typing info into computer.

50
Q

storage

A

retention of encoded material over time, like saving info in a computer.

51
Q

retrieval

A

getting the info out of memory storage, like searching for info in a computer and opening it

52
Q

sensory memory

A

a split second holding tank for all sensory information

53
Q

selective attention

A

what we are paying attention to determines what we encode

54
Q

magic number 7

A

the capacity for our short term memory is about 7 items +/- 2

55
Q

chunking (ways to improve memory)

A

grouping info into larger units

56
Q

mnemonic devices

A

memory aids

57
Q

rehearsal

A

repeat the info to get it into long term memory.

58
Q

long term memory and retrieval

A

our permanent storehouse for information, unlimited.

59
Q

declarative memories

A

conscious memories that we put effort into remembering

60
Q

episodic memories

A

memories of specific events, stored sequentially.

61
Q

semantic memories

A

general knowledge of the world stored as facts.

62
Q

nondeclarative memories

A

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

63
Q

recall

A

retrieving a memory without an external cue

64
Q

recognition

A

the process of using a cue to match a fact or concept with one already in memory

65
Q

serial postitioning effect

A

we retrieve the items at the beginning and end of alist much better than the stuff in the middle

66
Q

context

A

when, where, and how you originally formed memories impacts how you will retrieve memories is impacted by

67
Q

constructed memories

A

reporting false details of a real event or a recollection of an event that never occurred

68
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories interfere with new information

69
Q

retroactive interference

A

when learning of new information interferes with recall of old information

70
Q

memory interference (PORN)

A

proactive vs retroactive

71
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

people cannot encode new memories, but they remember previous memories stored in their LTM.

72
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

lose all memories stored in LTM, but can form new memories

AP Psych (4 decks)

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