Emotion, Motivation, Cognition Flashcards
what is emotion
a mix of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience
amygdala
plays a primary role and the right hemisphere is active during many displays of emotion.
sympathetic nervous system
releases acetylcholine that prepares the body for vigorous activity
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
James Lange theory of emotion
emotional stimulus causes physical reaction, physical reaction causes emotion
Cannon Bard theory of emotion
an emotional awareness and an internal physiological response occur at the same time
Schater two factor theory of emotion
physiological arousal determines the strength of the emotion, while cognitive appraisal identifies the emotion label
expression of emotion
depends on the situation and who is present, and display rules, which are designed to exaggerate, minimize, or mask emotional expressions
instinct
an unlearned behavior that is passed down from generation to generation
drive reduction
we are driven by basic biological needs
Arousal and Yerkes Dodsons law
we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal, and most of us perform best with an optimum level of arousal
opponent process theory of emotion
people start at a baseline state, they want to move off this initial state because of motivation to return to baseline, and they experience withdrawal when off this baseline for a certain amount of time
incentive
we learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishments
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
physiological needs, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization
Biological causes of hunger motivation
glucose, insulin, and fatty acid theory. Set point theory sends signals to hypothalamus that tells us to eat
psychological causes of hunger motivation
external cues like smell, internal cues like empty stomach
Alfred Kinsey
advocate for spreading knowledge about sex, began the scientific study of sex
Masters and Johnson
observed people having sex to understand dysfunction, arousal, etc. Claimed they could cure homosexuality
sexual response cycle
initial excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
gender and orientation studies
has possible biological influences, there are different brain structures in homosexual and heterosexual males.
Intrinsic motivation
rewards we get internally
extrinsic motivation
rewards we get for accomplishments outside of ourselves
approach approach
when you must choose between two desirable outcomes
avoidance avoidance
when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes
approach avoidance
when one goal or event has positive and negative features
multiple approach avoidance
when you must choose between two or more things, and each has positive and negative features
language
our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
morphemes
the smallest combination of words that carry a meaning. Can be a prefix or suffix
phonemes
the smallest distinctive sound unit
grammar
a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others
semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language
syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
babbling/reflexive
infant makes spontaneous sounds not related to household language. 3-4 months.
babbling cont.
infant reveals household language, 10 months.
one word
12 months, using one word to communicate large meanings.
two word
24 months, uses content words to communicate meanings, “go car”
three word
24+ months, language develops rapidly into complete sentences
skinner’s theory of language development
thought that we can explain language development through social learning theory. Imitation, modeling, reinforcement.
chomsky’s theory of language development
says we have a “learning box” in our heads that enables us to learn any human language
Worf’s theory of linguistic relativity
the idea that language determines the way we think and not vice versa
cognition
mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
concepts
mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people
schemas
knowledge clusters that provide expectations about topics, events, objects, people, and situations in one’s life
hierarchies
what we store our declarative memories into
prototypes
the best example of a category, we base our concepts off of them
algorithim
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem
heuristic
rule of thumb strategy that often allows use to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, a shortcut that can be prone to errors
insight learning
sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem, no real strategy involved
obstacles to problem solving
self imposed limitations, lack of interest, fatigue, drugs
encoding
processing of info into the memory system, like typing info into computer.
storage
retention of encoded material over time, like saving info in a computer.
retrieval
getting the info out of memory storage, like searching for info in a computer and opening it
sensory memory
a split second holding tank for all sensory information
selective attention
what we are paying attention to determines what we encode
magic number 7
the capacity for our short term memory is about 7 items +/- 2
chunking (ways to improve memory)
grouping info into larger units
mnemonic devices
memory aids
rehearsal
repeat the info to get it into long term memory.
long term memory and retrieval
our permanent storehouse for information, unlimited.
declarative memories
conscious memories that we put effort into remembering
episodic memories
memories of specific events, stored sequentially.
semantic memories
general knowledge of the world stored as facts.
nondeclarative memories
unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have
recall
retrieving a memory without an external cue
recognition
the process of using a cue to match a fact or concept with one already in memory
serial postitioning effect
we retrieve the items at the beginning and end of alist much better than the stuff in the middle
context
when, where, and how you originally formed memories impacts how you will retrieve memories is impacted by
constructed memories
reporting false details of a real event or a recollection of an event that never occurred
proactive interference
old memories interfere with new information
retroactive interference
when learning of new information interferes with recall of old information
memory interference (PORN)
proactive vs retroactive
anterograde amnesia
people cannot encode new memories, but they remember previous memories stored in their LTM.
retrograde amnesia
lose all memories stored in LTM, but can form new memories
