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Purposive Communication > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Using the SOCIOLINGUISTIC lens, languages vary
because:

A
  • People are members of different SPEECH
    COMMUNITIES
  • Globalization
  • Colonization
  • Diversity
  • Diaspora
  • ICT and Media
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2
Q
  • is an attempt to find correlations between social
    structure and linguistic structure and to observe any
    changes that occur (Gumpers, 1971)
  • is the study of the social uses of language, and the most
    productive studies in the four decades of
    sociolinguistic research have emanated from
    determining the social evaluation of linguistic variants
    (Chambers, 2002)
A

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

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3
Q

said that speech communities
refer to a group of people who interact by means of
speech.

A

Bloomfield (1926)

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4
Q

According to who? it is a community sharing rules
for the conduct and interpretation of speech, and
rules for the interpretation of at least one linguistic
variety

A

Hymes (1967)

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5
Q

One can participate in it without
being a member of it, but the lines of demarcation are
not fixed or universal: i.e. accent, ways of speaking,
grammar, etc. in different communities or at different
times in one community

A

SPEECH COMMUNITY

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6
Q

According to who? also defined it as an activity
characterized by frequent interaction using a
mutually intelligible body of verbal signs. According
to him, the speech varieties employed within a
speech community are formalized as a system (i.e.
written in dictionaries, taught in schools, used in
gatherings, etc.)

A

Gumperz (1968)

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7
Q

Language Varities

A

Idiolect, Style, register, & Jargon

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8
Q

It is used for the personal dialect of each individual speaker of a language. From the perspective of the social study of language, you are, in many respects, what you say.

A

Idiolect

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9
Q

Divided from the more formal to the more informal speech, and it is depending on the listener, if it is your boss or our friend for example.

A

Style

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10
Q

It is what type of language you use depending on the situation you are in. It is directly related to style.

A

Register

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11
Q

It is the language used among people who have a special activity or group.

A

Jargon

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12
Q

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G stands for:

A

Setting or scene, Participants, Ends, Act Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, &Genre

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13
Q

– time and place, i.e., physical
circumstances

A

Setting

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14
Q

(abstract
psychological setting or the cultural
definition of the occasion)

A

Scene

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15
Q

– people involved in the
communicative event; speaker-listener

A

Participants

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16
Q

– conventionally recognized and
expected outcomes of exchange

A

Ends

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17
Q

– actual form and content of
what was said

A

Act Sequence

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18
Q

– tone, manner, spirit of the conveyance
of the message

A

Key

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19
Q

– choice of channel;
language, dialect, code, register that is
chosen

A

Instrumentalities

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20
Q

– standard or pattern of
communication behavior set by a specific
context

A

Norms

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21
Q

– types of utterance; poems,
proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers,
lectures, editorials

A

Genre

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22
Q
  • Sets of language items associated with discrete
    occupational or social groups
    is an
  • essential social skill that provides flexibility and
    demonstrates competence in speech and
    appropriate social norms”
A

REGISTERS

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23
Q

– text or utterances that have
been documented, hence do not change;
national anthems, ordinances & bills

A

Frozen/Static

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24
Q

– text or utterances that
follow similar rules about their form;
informative, persuasive; warning signs,
manuals (unidirectional)

A

Formal/Regulated

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25
Q

– manifested
through acts that seek for or provide help;
patient-doctor, student-teacher
consultations
(bidirectional/multidirectional)

A

Consultative/Professional

26
Q

– used in writing and
conversing with people within the same
group

A

Casual/Group

27
Q

– private register, used in
writing or speaking with a family member,
intimate friend

A

Intimate/Personal

28
Q

(Griffiths)

A

The study of word meaning and sentence meaning,
abstracted away from contexts of use

29
Q

-Studying meaning is descriptive not prescriptive
-Deals with meaning and language
-Also means the meaning and interpretation of words,
signs, and sentence structure
➢ Branch of study that deals with language and how we
understand the meaning

A

Semantics

30
Q

To understand the
nature of knowledge about meaning in a language
that a person knows

A

Purpose of describing language:

31
Q

Gives or prescribes speakers and writers into
abandoning some meanings and adopting others

A

Latter:

32
Q

(Hurford, Heasley,
Smith)

A

The study of language in language

33
Q

(Kreidler,
Cutting)

A

Systematic study of meaning in language

34
Q

Kress and van Leeuwen

A

– grammar of visual language
(basic elements, patterns, rules)
Use language that conveys intended
meaning

35
Q

Speak =

A

Utterance

36
Q

Write =

A

Sentence

37
Q

– opposition exhibits
reversability of relationship within logic (ex.
If I am your wife, then you are my husband)

A

Relational antonyms

38
Q

Words that sound alike or spelled identically
but have different meanings (ex. Bank (could
be riverbank or savings bank)

A

Homonymy

39
Q

Relationship between a generic or general
term (hypernym or hyperonym) and the
specific term

A

Hyponymy

40
Q

(subordinate or
subset of larger entity); a word of more
specific meaning than a general or
superordinate term applicable to it

A

Hyponym denoting subtype

41
Q

(superordinate); a word with a broad
meaning that more specific words fall under;
a superordinate (ex. color is a hypernym of
red)

A

Hypernym or hyperonym denoting supertype

42
Q

Used to refer a whole to part hierarchy (ex.
We sometimes define dog choosing the
parts of a dog’s body)

A

Meronyms

43
Q

Linked words with shared meaning make up field, that can be
divided into subfields or subsets.
➢ The cluster of words/phrases surrounding the word
plate is its semantic field.
➢ Armor piece, tableware, dental device, dish full of
food comprise the lexical field of the word plate.

A

Semantic Field

44
Q
  • A word with direct dictionary meaning
  • Lexical identity (writers who are also readers
    will likely score higher in a vocabulary test
    than those whose vocabulary has been
    fossilized)
A

Denotation

45
Q
  • Meaning (both personal and emotional)
    that a word may carry
A

Connotative meaning

46
Q

not change in meaning, but addition of meaning or
loss of meaning from to the semantic system while
form remains constant
➢ also called as semantic shift
➢ occurs when words change in their meaning through
use over time an in different contexts

A

Semantic Change

47
Q

➢ semanticists distinguish analytic and synthetic
truth; an accurate representation of reality is the
basis of a statement to be synthetically true

A

Truth Value of Linguistic Expression

48
Q

-Have long played an important role in reporting current events and sharing significant information (ex. EDSA People Power in 1986)
-such as broadcast (TV and Radio) and print (newspapers and magazines) have also contributed to the shaping of public opinion, entertaining audiences with imagination and creativity, and inspiring certain attitudes and consequent behaviors.

A

Traditional Media

49
Q

“processes through which local and regional ideas, products, and practices are transformed into worldwide ideas, products, and practices” (Griffin & Bone, 2014)

A

GLOBALIZATION

50
Q

-Caters to individual preferences and attitudes, as well as influences them
-Industries have always paid attention to consumers’ aspirations and worries, which can lead to either positive or negative consequences.
-Example: women empowerment vs body shaming

A

Advertising in Media

51
Q

– attaching certain labels to individuals from anecdotal impressions that form unfair generalization, which may lead to discrimination

A

Stereotyping

52
Q

– excluding a person or groups based on hasty assumptions and unexamined biases

A

Discrimination

53
Q
  • evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
A

Ethnocentrism

54
Q

Positive effects of technology on society

A

-Uses of computers in medical field
-vote counting
-use of credit card, automated billing
-telecommnunication
-job oppurtunities

55
Q

Negative effects of technology on society

A

-replaced human interaction
-concerning health issues around the world
-replacement of people through automation
-wastage of time
-increase of cyber crimes

56
Q

– is established through digital tools such as cellphones, tablets, computers, and others without much effort

A

CONNECTIVITY

57
Q

– is achieved when communication is made possible through technology that overlaps with face-to-face communication

A

CONVERGENCE

58
Q

– grants online participation anytime and anywhere

A

INTERACTIVITY

59
Q

-Centralized. One speaks to many
-One-way communication
-Reproduction of social stratification and inequality
-Participants as a fragmented mass
-Influences consciousness

A

FIRST MEDIA AGE (Broadcast)

60
Q

-Decentralized. Many speak to many
-Two-way communication
-Democratizing. Facilitates universal individuality
-Participants are seen to retain their individuality
-Influences individual experience of time and space

A

SECOND MEDIA AGE (Interactivity)

61
Q

– is a “group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content” (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010)

A

SOCIAL MEDIA

62
Q

Everything lives forever on the internet

A

DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS

Purposive Communication (4 decks)

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