Unit 1

Question 1

is as mechanical as
breathing; essentially makes all human activities
possible (establish identity, create and maintain
relationships)

Answer 1

Human communication

Question 2

allows people to convey their
thoughts and intended meanings to others
in a language they mutually understand

Answer 2

Sharing

Question 3

Verb –” (makes all human
activities possible)

Answer 3

“communicare”

Question 4

Noun –” (relational process of
creating and interpreting messages that
elicit response)

Answer 4

“communis”

Question 5

‘It’s not JUST oral communication. It’s body
language, eye contact, the grinning, the little
signals that go on between people.’ – Keith
Richards

Process by which information is transmitted
& understood between two or more people

Involves paralinguistics (tone, pitch, pace),
and silence; all convey several meanings

Answer 5

Communication

Question 6

(tone, pitch, pace),

Answer 6

paralinguistics

Question 7

all convey several meanings

Answer 7

silence

Question 8

Proficiency in phonetics and phonology,
morphology and syntax/grammar

Answer 8

Linguistic Competence

Question 9

In which situations are supposed to call
people using their names or to call them with
honorifics (Sir/Ma’am)?

Answer 9

Communicative Competence (Dell Hymes)

Question 10

Refers to our ability to use
appropriate language given a
specific context

Answer 10

Sociolinguistic Competence (Dell Hymes)

Question 11

Pertains to our understanding of
anything beyond the sentence
structure
▪ Understanding silence
▪ Understanding simple smirk

Answer 11

Discourse/Pragmatic Competence (Dell
Hymes)

Question 12

Compensatory strategies

Answer 12

Strategic Competence

Question 13

[Helps us understand the complexities in the process of
communication and convince you to be more cognizant of the
message, the slightest emotion, the subtle non-verbal
gesture, the subdued tones, the context, the intentions, and
other factors because it is essentially our obligation to make
communication work according to its purpose.]

Answer 13

Purposive Communication

Question 14

Ability of the sender and the receiver to
encode and decode the
messages/information

Extent to which both parties have similar
codebooks

Shared mental models about the topic’s
contexts

Answer 14

Communication effectiveness depends on the
following:

Question 15

refers to the range of linguistic varieties

Answer 15

Linguistic repertoire

Question 16

occurs in different levels – sounds, wordstructure, grammar

Answer 16

Linguistic variation

Question 17

words, pronunciation, and methods of
combining them used and understood by a
community

Answer 17

Language

Question 18

source/sender, receiver/listener, channels, feedback, barriers, message, & context

Answer 18

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Question 19

unidirectional
- proper planning of the message is crucial
- to be able to get across the message we wish
to convey to your audience
- we have been expecting even prior to the
delivering of the message

Answer 19

[Aristotle’s and Laswell’s models

Question 20

bi- directional
- how interferences would affect our
conveyance of the message

Answer 20

Osgood’s and Barnlund’s models

Question 21

WHOSE MODEL?- how other factors would affect the dynamics in
the communication elements]

Answer 21

Wood, Adler and Towne’s models

Question 22

earliest model, even though simple message
has to be carefully crafted for it to be
effective

Answer 22

Aristotle’s linear model

Question 23

3 types of Appeal (Rhetorical Appeals)

Answer 23

Pathos, Logos, & Ethos

Question 24

emotional appeal;
audience’s emotions (heartwarming stories, personal
experiences, humorous jokes,
pitiful photographs)

Answer 24

Pathos

Question 25

– logical appeal; reasoning done through effective use of message (statistics and facts)

Answer 25

Logos

Question 26

ethical appeal; message’s credibility (use of quotes from experts, testimonies)

Answer 26

Ethos

Question 27

WHOSE MODEL? Based on five questions; selecting the appropriate communication channel Who says? What? Through what channel? To whom? With what effect?

Answer 27

Laswell’s linear model

Question 28

✓ face-to-face conversation ✓ social media

Answer 28

Verbal

Question 29

Oculesics, Haptics, Proxemics, & Chronemics

Answer 29

Non-verbal

Question 30

eye movement/behavior

Answer 30

Oculesics

Question 31

using sense of touch; handshakes, high-five

Answer 31

Haptics

Question 32

body language and space created

Answer 32

Proxemics

Question 33

time

Answer 33

Chronemics

Question 34

Social acceptance & Media richness

Answer 34

Choosing the best channel

Question 35

– how well the communication is approved / supported

Answer 35

Social acceptance

Question 36

medium’s data carrying capacity – the volume and the variety of information that can be transmitted during a specific time

Answer 36

Media richness

Question 37

circular in nature; interaction; two-way street * taking turns; every message shape the next * have individual fields of experience that likely obstruct the process; find means to settle at field of common experience

Answer 37

Osgood-Schramm’s model

Question 38

WHOSE MODEL? Most transactional model * Giving messages is reciprocal;simultaneously engaging in sending and receiving messages * Presence of noise that could lead to miscommunication

Answer 38

Barnlund’s transactional model

Question 39

External Noise & Internal Noise

Answer 39

Two types of noise

Question 40

– unpleasant sound in the environment

Answer 40

External Noise

Question 41

– communicator’s state or feelings

Answer 41

Internal Noise

Question 42

people with different linguistic backgrounds naturally don’t have common language code; jargons

Answer 42

Linguistic barrier

Question 43

Detailed model * Possible context that greatly influence the flow of communication (situational, sociocultural, physical, interpersonal, organizational) * Communicator’s culture, education, experiences, moods, emotions could either interfere or facilitate with the process * Highlights context i.e. circumstances that encompass the communicative event that affects communicator’s use of language, mode and channel

Answer 43

Wood, Adler and Towne’s model

Question 43

* challenges the communicator to strategically use a language that is understood, familiar, and accepted in a context, in order to communicate his/her specific intentions * communicator fails to consider context, there is a possibility of a communication breakdown * PURPOSE and CONTEXT are two important factors why language varies

Answer 43

Purposive Communication

Question 44

Factors that shape the way conversations begin:

Answer 44

Audience, Context, & Purpose

Question 45

It means anticipating and weighing the effects of one’s message on an audience. ➢ It is also using information that come from credible, verifiable, and relevant sources. ➢ It is communicating with no intent to harm others. ➢ It is being careful, attentive, and inclusive through word choice and tone ➢ It is looking at differences as a way to understand each other and what matters to us. ➢ It never silences, and welcome disagreements as opportunities for knowing others in a more respectful and thoughtful manner.

Answer 45

Ethical use of Language

Question 46

➢ It refers to the style and degrees of formality that we use depending on our communication contexts.

Answer 46

Register

Question 47

Categories of Register:

Answer 47

FORMAL, INFORMAL, & Neutral

Question 48

It is more appropriate to professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger

Answer 48

FORMAL

Question 49

It is also called casual or intimate. It is more conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.

Answer 49

INFORMAL

Question 50

It is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is more appropriate for technical writing.

Answer 50

Neutral

Question 51

Contribute to convey thoughts and emotions in a non-verbal manner

Answer 51

Body Language, Facial expressions, and Tone

Question 52

➢ Assert and/or hide one’s identity ➢ Stress and/or dismiss the importance of an idea ➢ Evoke a certain emotion or feeling ➢ Demonstrate one’s attitude ➢ Reveal one’s values ➢ Allow and/or control participation

Answer 52

Functions of Non-Verbal Elements:

Question 53

– is a way of life that is cultivated and deepened in a community of people who share similar beliefs, values, behaviors, and goals

Answer 53

CULTURE

Question 54

Five Characteristic Stages in the Spread of English:

Answer 54

Foundation, Exonormative Stabilization, Nativization, Endonormative Stabilization, & Differentiation

Question 55

WHOSE MODEL? The evolutionary cycle of postcolonial Englishes

Answer 55

Schneider’s Model

Question 56

Extralinguistic background, Identity constructions of the parties involved, Sociolinguistic determinants of the contact settings, & Linguistic consequences

Answer 56

4 Parameter

Question 57

(history, politics)

Answer 57

Extralinguistic background

Question 58

(culture, history, politics)

Answer 58

Identity constructions of the parties involved

Question 59

(conditions of language contact language use, language attitudes)

Answer 59

Sociolinguistic determinants of the contact settings

Question 60

(changes in lexis, grammar, phonology)

Answer 60

Linguistic consequences

Question 61

Other reasons why there are other Englishes:

Answer 61

➢ Bilingual Creativity ➢ Contact of the English speakers with multilingual and multicultural contexts ➢ Long term contact

Question 62

- the competencies in two (or more) languages resulted to creative linguistic processes - also refers to the designing of a text (or speech) which uses linguistic resources from two or more unrelated languages

Answer 62

Bilingual Creativity

Question 63

nativization and acculturation

Answer 63

Long term contact

Question 64

So why use World Englishes?

Answer 64

➢ The term symbolizes functional and formal variations ➢ Divergent sociolinguistic context ➢ Various types of acculturations are happening all over the world ➢ Emphasizes ‘WE-ness’, not the dichotomy between ‘us’ and ‘them’ (native and nonnative)