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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleotides

A

The repeating unit of nucleic acids; composed of a sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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2
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

In DNA, the percent composition of adenine is the same as thymine, and the percent composition of cytosine is the same as guanine.

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3
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

In DNA, the interaction of bases of nucleotides on opposite strands through the formation of hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

Antiparallel

A

The directionality of the two strands in a DNA molecule; the strands run in opposite directions, with each end of a DNA molecule containing the 3’ end of one strand and the 5’ end of the other strand.

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5
Q

Genome

A

The complete genetic makeup of an organism; an organism’s total DNA sequence.

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6
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity that determines, in whole or part, a genetic trait; a specific sequence of DNA that encodes for proteins and RNA molecules and can contain sequences that influence these molecules.

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7
Q

Nucleoid

A

A structure in bacteria that contains the chromosomal DNA.

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8
Q

DNA supercoiling

A

The formation of additional coils in the DNA structure due to twisting forces on the molecule.

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9
Q

Regulatory Sequence

A

A DNA sequence that regulates a gene’s activity.

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10
Q

Histone

A

A member of a family of proteins that associate with DNA in eukaryotic cells, which acts to help compact the DNA.

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

The non-condensed form of genetic material that predominates for most of the eukaryotic cell cycle; consists of a complex of DNA and proteins.

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12
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of producing two identical DNA molecules from an original, parent DNA molecule.

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13
Q

Semi-Conservative Replication

A

The mechanism of DNA replication in which each newly synthesized DNA molecule is composed of one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand.

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14
Q

Origin of Replication

A

The DNA sequence where replication begins.

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15
Q

Helicase

A

A group of enzymes that aid in unwinding DNA.

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16
Q

DNA Polymerase 3

A

An enzyme that adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing polynucleotide strand.

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17
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Short DNA fragments that are generated during the synthesis of the lagging strand in DNA replication.

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18
Q

Primer

A

In DNA replication, a short segment of RNA that is complementary to a part of the 3’ to 5’ DNA template strand and serves as a starting point for addition of nucleotides.

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19
Q

DNA Polymerase 1

A

An enzyme that removes RNA primer and fills gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand with DNA nucleotides; proofreads newly synthesized DNA.

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20
Q

DNA Ligase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the joining of Okazaki fragments.

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21
Q

DNA Polymerase 2

A

An enzyme that proofreads newly synthesized DNA.

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22
Q

Mismatched Repair

A

A mechanism got repairing errors made during DNA replication, whereby a group of proteins recognize a mispaired nucleotide on the newly synthesized strand and replace it with a correctly paired nucleotide.

23
Q

Telomere

A

A repetitive section of DNA near each end of a chromosome; the presence of this sequence helps to protect from loss of important genetic information during replication of the linear DNA in eukaryotic cells.

24
Q

One-gene/one-polypeptide Hypothesis

A

A proposal that one gene codes for one polypeptide (or protein)

25
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA that contains the genetic information of a gene and carries it to the protein synthesis machinery; it provides the information that determines the protein’s amino acid sequence.

26
Q

Genetic Code

A

A Set of rules for determining how genetic information in the form of the nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein; a code specifying the relationship between a nucleotide codon and an amino acid.

27
Q

Triplet Hypothesis

A

A proposal that the genetic code is read three nucleotide bases at a time.

28
Q

Gene Expression

A

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

29
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of protein from an mRNA template.

30
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The main enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template.

31
Q

Promoter Region

A

A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that indicates where the RNA polymerase complex should bind to initiate transcription.

32
Q

Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA)

A

mRNA that has not undergone processing

33
Q

Mature mRNA

A

mRNA that has undergone processing.

34
Q

5’ cap

A

The modified form of a G nucleotide; added to the 5’ end of an mRNA.

35
Q

3’ Poly-A Tail

A

A series of A nucleotides added to the 3’ end of mRNA.

36
Q

Splicing

A

In mRNA, a process of excising out the introns and combining in the exons.

37
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

An RNA molecule that links the codons on mRNA to the corresponding amino acid for protein synthesis.

38
Q

Anticodon Loop

A

A triplet of bases positioned at one end of a tRNA that recognizes and base-pairs with a codon on mRNA during protein synthesis.

39
Q

Acceptor Stem

A

The 3’ end of a tRNA molecule that is the site of attachment for a particular amino acid, based on the anticodon.

40
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

An enzyme responsible for attaching an amino acid to a tRNA.

41
Q

Ribosome

A

A cell structure composed of proteins and rRNA provides the state where protein synthesis occurs.

42
Q

Polyribosome

A

A structure composed of multiple ribosomes along an mRNA strand.

43
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA.

44
Q

Single-gene mutation

A

A mutation that involves changes in the nucleotide sequence of one gen.

45
Q

Chromosome Mutation

A

A mutation involving chromosome changes may involve many genes.

46
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation involving a single base pair substitution, insertion, or deletion.

47
Q

Start codon

A

A triple of three bases that specifies the first amino acid of a protein.

48
Q

Reading Frame

A

Collectively, the codons of mRNA that are read to produce an amino acid sequence; it is set by the start codon

49
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

50
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

A mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a number of nucleotides not divisible by three, resulting in a change in the reading frame

51
Q

Silent mutation

A

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

52
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein

53
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

A mutation that shortens a protein by introducing a stop codon

54
Q

Mutagen

A

An event or substance that increases the rate of changes to the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.

Grade 12 Biology (7 decks)

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