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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 1 - Biochemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotope

A

An unstable isotope that decays over time by emitting radiation

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3
Q

Molecule

A

A substance composed of two or more non-metal atoms that are covalently bonded together

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4
Q

Organic Molecule

A

A carbon-containing molecule in which carbon atoms are nearly always bonded to each other and to hydrogen

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5
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the activity and properties of biologically important molecules

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6
Q

Intramolecular

A

Occurring between atoms within a molecule

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7
Q

Intermolecular

A

Occurring between atoms of different molecules

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8
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak association between an atom partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Referring to non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interactions with water molecules

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Referring to polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules

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11
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge

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12
Q

Functional Group

A

An atom or group of atoms attached to a molecule gives the molecule particular chemical and physical properties

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13
Q

Macromolecule

A

A large, complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together

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14
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules(Monomer)

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15
Q

Monomer

A

The smallest repeating unit of a polymer

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16
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A biological macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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17
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate is composed of between three and seven carbon atoms

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18
Q

Isomer

A

One of two or more molecules with the same number and type of atoms but different structural arrangments

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19
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

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20
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms

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21
Q

Lipid

A

A biological macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds

23
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group

24
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group

25
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

A structure with hydrophilic “heads” of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic “tails” directed toward the centre, interacting with each other

26
Q

Steriod

A

A lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings

27
Q

Wax

A

Lipids composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature

28
Q

Protein

A

A biological macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds

29
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group

30
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by covalent bonds

31
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Biological macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers

32
Q

DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose

33
Q

RNA(Ribonucleic acid)

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose

34
Q

Nucleotide

A

An organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

35
Q

Acid

A

A substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water

36
Q

Base

A

A substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-, when dissolved in water

37
Q

pH Scale

A

A numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 that is used to classify aqueous solutions as acidic, basic or neutral

38
Q

Neutralization Reaction

A

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base, producing water and salt

39
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that minimizes changes in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions as needed

40
Q

Oxidation

A

A process involving the loss of electrons

41
Q

Reduction

A

A process involving the gain of electrons

42
Q

Redox Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another, also called an oxidation-reduction reaction

43
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two molecules with the production of a water molecule

44
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that results in the cleavage of a covalent bond with the addition of a water molecule

45
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

46
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy for the reaction; is not consumed in the reaction

47
Q

Enzyme

A

A biological macromolecule that catalyzes or speeds up, chemical reactions in biological systems

48
Q

Active Site

A

The site on an enzyme where the substrate binds; where the chemical reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme takes place

49
Q

Substrate

A

A reactant that interacts with the enzyme in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

50
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

The combined structure of an enzyme with a substrate that is bound to the enzyme’s active site

51
Q

Inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to the allosteric or active site of an enzyme and causes a decrease in the activity of that enzyme

52
Q

Allosteric Site

A

A site on an enzyme that is not the active site, where other molecules can interact with and regulate the activity of the enzyme

53
Q

Activator

A

A molecule that binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and keeps an enzyme active or causes an increase in the activity of that enzyme

Grade 12 Biology (7 decks)

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