Unit 2 Flashcards
Arithmetic Population Density
total population/area
numerical distribution
Physiological Population Density
total population/arable land
shows a place’s carrying capacity
Agricultural Population Density
number of farmers/arable land
Carrying Capacity
number of people a place can support without damage to the environment
higher population density puts more strain
environmental conditions influence
Baby Boom
When the birth rate spikes, usually after a war or a time of economic abundance
Baby bust
After a boom, when birth rates are lower
Continues until boomers have children
Echo
When baby boomers have a lot of children after a bust
Dependency Ratio
The ratio between people ages 15 and below and people ages 65+ in a specific country
CBR
Crude birth rate
Number of live births per year per 1000 people
TFR
Total fertility rate
Average number of children per woman in her childbearing years
IMR
Infant mortality rate
Number of infants who die before turning one per 1000 people
CDR
Crude death rate
Number of people who die per year per 1000 people
RNI
Rate of Natural Increase
Rate at which a country is growing or shrinking without influence of migration
Population Doubling Time
Projected amount of time it will take for a country’s population to double
DTM
Demographic Transition Model
Model that shows how population develops as a country develops
Has 5 stages of population change
Stage 1 (DTM)
High birth and death rates and low RNI
Young population
Hunting-gathering, some agriculture
Isolated and scattered groups
Stage 2 (DTM)
High birth rate and declining death rate and high RNI
Young population
Rural agricultural society
Stage 3 (DTM)
Birth and death rates both declining and high RNI
Young population
Urbanization and emerging economy
Rapid but slowing population growth
Stage 4 (DTM)
Birth rate continues dropping and death rate is low and a lower RNI
Low population growth
Urbanization and highly developed with rising gender equality
Stage 5 (DTM)
Birth rate lower than death rate and a negative RNI
Population is old and declining
Urbanized service economy and highly developed
Demographic momentum
From Stage 3 to 4, there is still population growth because even though fertility is decreasing, life expectancy is increasing
ETM
Epidemiological Transition Model
Extension of DTM that shows causes of deaths through 5 stages
Stage 1 (ETM)
Pestilence and Famine
Parasitic and infectious diseases
High death rate and low life expectancy
Stage 2 (ETM)
Receding Pandemics
Number of pandemics goes down due to improved sanitation & medicine
Death rate starts to decrease and life expectancy starts to increase
Stage 3 (ETM)
Degenerative Diseases
Diseases related to aging and heart diseases start to become a problem
Death rate stabilizes at a low level and life expectancy increases
Stage 4 (ETM)
Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Extension of Stage 3 however new medical procedures are able to delay some diseases
Death rate at its lowest and life expectancy at a peak
Stage 5 (ETM)
Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
Some bacteria become resistant to medicine and infectious and parasitic diseases are stronger
Life expectancy decreases
Malthusian Theory
Malthus believed that food production would increase linearly and population would increase exponentially
Concluded that we would reach a crisis point in which the global population would be unsupportable
Antinatalist Policies
Policies attempting to slow population growth
Pronatalist Policies
Policies that encourage population growth
Baby Girls at Risk
In several countries, some females are “missing” due to a gender preference for males
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females
Usually around 105:100
Higher in places like China and India
Causes of Aging Population
Longer life expectancy and lower birth rates
Improvements in healthcare and eldercare
Changing attitudes about family size
Impacts of aging population: political
Old people vote differently than young people
Retirees are more likely to vote and their voice becomes a big influence
Impacts of aging population: social
Families face more challenges with caring for elderly members
Retired grandparents help raise grandchildren
Impacts of aging population: economic
Increased cost of caring for the elderly
Many jobs are created in healthcare
Voluntary migration
A move made by choice
Push factors
Negative things about a place people live that makes them want to leave
Pull factors
Positive things about a place that make people want to move there
Economic Push Factors
Increasing unemployment
Less need for manual labor like farmers
Economic Pull Factors
New factories
Large cities with more economic opportunity
Social Push Factors
Violence towards a certain religion or race
Social Pull Factors
Isolation and agricultural opportunities
Political Push Factors
Jailing for speaking out against the government
Government persecution
War
Political Pull Factors
Government with protective rights
Country that lets you set up a government in exile
Environmental Push Factors
Drought and loss of farms
Natural disaster
Released radiation
Environmental Pull Factors
Work not affected by drought
Safe place from natural disasters
Cities
Intervening Obstacle
Barrier that makes it harder to migrate
Intervening Opportunity
Opportunities on the way that disrupt the plan (like a new job)
Forced Migration
Migration where migrants have no choice but to move
IDP
Internally Displaced Person
Someone forced to move who doesn’t leave the country
Refugee
Someone forced to move who does leave the country
Asylum
Protection from one country to an immigrant if they could legitimately be harmed or killed by the country of origin
Transhumance
Herders moving with their animals to different pastures with the change of season
Xenophobia
Strong dislike of people from a different culture
The US Chinese Exclusion Act
Brain drain
When migration is composed of highly skilled people and a lot of intelligence leaves the country
Demography
Population Distribution
Physical Factors Influencing Population
Ecumene
The portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Human Factors Influencing Population
Agglomeration
Population Distribution at a Global Scale
Population Distribution at a National Scale
Population distribution at a Local Scale
Arable Land
Farmable Land
