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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arithmetic Population Density

A

total population/area
numerical distribution

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2
Q

Physiological Population Density

A

total population/arable land
shows a place’s carrying capacity

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3
Q

Agricultural Population Density

A

number of farmers/arable land

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4
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

number of people a place can support without damage to the environment
higher population density puts more strain
environmental conditions influence

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5
Q

Baby Boom

A

When the birth rate spikes, usually after a war or a time of economic abundance

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6
Q

Baby bust

A

After a boom, when birth rates are lower
Continues until boomers have children

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7
Q

Echo

A

When baby boomers have a lot of children after a bust

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8
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

The ratio between people ages 15 and below and people ages 65+ in a specific country

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9
Q

CBR

A

Crude birth rate
Number of live births per year per 1000 people

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10
Q

TFR

A

Total fertility rate
Average number of children per woman in her childbearing years

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11
Q

IMR

A

Infant mortality rate
Number of infants who die before turning one per 1000 people

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12
Q

CDR

A

Crude death rate
Number of people who die per year per 1000 people

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13
Q

RNI

A

Rate of Natural Increase
Rate at which a country is growing or shrinking without influence of migration

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14
Q

Population Doubling Time

A

Projected amount of time it will take for a country’s population to double

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15
Q

DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model
Model that shows how population develops as a country develops
Has 5 stages of population change

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16
Q

Stage 1 (DTM)

A

High birth and death rates and low RNI
Young population
Hunting-gathering, some agriculture
Isolated and scattered groups

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17
Q

Stage 2 (DTM)

A

High birth rate and declining death rate and high RNI
Young population
Rural agricultural society

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18
Q

Stage 3 (DTM)

A

Birth and death rates both declining and high RNI
Young population
Urbanization and emerging economy
Rapid but slowing population growth

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19
Q

Stage 4 (DTM)

A

Birth rate continues dropping and death rate is low and a lower RNI
Low population growth
Urbanization and highly developed with rising gender equality

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20
Q

Stage 5 (DTM)

A

Birth rate lower than death rate and a negative RNI
Population is old and declining
Urbanized service economy and highly developed

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21
Q

Demographic momentum

A

From Stage 3 to 4, there is still population growth because even though fertility is decreasing, life expectancy is increasing

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22
Q

ETM

A

Epidemiological Transition Model
Extension of DTM that shows causes of deaths through 5 stages

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23
Q

Stage 1 (ETM)

A

Pestilence and Famine
Parasitic and infectious diseases
High death rate and low life expectancy

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24
Q

Stage 2 (ETM)

A

Receding Pandemics
Number of pandemics goes down due to improved sanitation & medicine
Death rate starts to decrease and life expectancy starts to increase

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25
Q

Stage 3 (ETM)

A

Degenerative Diseases
Diseases related to aging and heart diseases start to become a problem
Death rate stabilizes at a low level and life expectancy increases

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26
Q

Stage 4 (ETM)

A

Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Extension of Stage 3 however new medical procedures are able to delay some diseases
Death rate at its lowest and life expectancy at a peak

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27
Q

Stage 5 (ETM)

A

Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
Some bacteria become resistant to medicine and infectious and parasitic diseases are stronger
Life expectancy decreases

28
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

Malthus believed that food production would increase linearly and population would increase exponentially
Concluded that we would reach a crisis point in which the global population would be unsupportable

29
Q

Antinatalist Policies

A

Policies attempting to slow population growth

30
Q

Pronatalist Policies

A

Policies that encourage population growth

31
Q

Baby Girls at Risk

A

In several countries, some females are “missing” due to a gender preference for males

32
Q

Sex Ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females
Usually around 105:100
Higher in places like China and India

33
Q

Causes of Aging Population

A

Longer life expectancy and lower birth rates
Improvements in healthcare and eldercare
Changing attitudes about family size

34
Q

Impacts of aging population: political

A

Old people vote differently than young people
Retirees are more likely to vote and their voice becomes a big influence

35
Q

Impacts of aging population: social

A

Families face more challenges with caring for elderly members
Retired grandparents help raise grandchildren

36
Q

Impacts of aging population: economic

A

Increased cost of caring for the elderly
Many jobs are created in healthcare

37
Q

Voluntary migration

A

A move made by choice

38
Q

Push factors

A

Negative things about a place people live that makes them want to leave

39
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive things about a place that make people want to move there

40
Q

Economic Push Factors

A

Increasing unemployment
Less need for manual labor like farmers

41
Q

Economic Pull Factors

A

New factories
Large cities with more economic opportunity

42
Q

Social Push Factors

A

Violence towards a certain religion or race

43
Q

Social Pull Factors

A

Isolation and agricultural opportunities

44
Q

Political Push Factors

A

Jailing for speaking out against the government
Government persecution
War

45
Q

Political Pull Factors

A

Government with protective rights
Country that lets you set up a government in exile

46
Q

Environmental Push Factors

A

Drought and loss of farms
Natural disaster
Released radiation

47
Q

Environmental Pull Factors

A

Work not affected by drought
Safe place from natural disasters
Cities

48
Q

Intervening Obstacle

A

Barrier that makes it harder to migrate

49
Q

Intervening Opportunity

A

Opportunities on the way that disrupt the plan (like a new job)

50
Q

Forced Migration

A

Migration where migrants have no choice but to move

51
Q

IDP

A

Internally Displaced Person
Someone forced to move who doesn’t leave the country

52
Q

Refugee

A

Someone forced to move who does leave the country

53
Q

Asylum

A

Protection from one country to an immigrant if they could legitimately be harmed or killed by the country of origin

54
Q

Transhumance

A

Herders moving with their animals to different pastures with the change of season

55
Q

Xenophobia

A

Strong dislike of people from a different culture
The US Chinese Exclusion Act

56
Q

Brain drain

A

When migration is composed of highly skilled people and a lot of intelligence leaves the country

57
Q

Demography

A
58
Q

Population Distribution

A
59
Q

Physical Factors Influencing Population

A
60
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

61
Q

Human Factors Influencing Population

A
62
Q

Agglomeration

A
63
Q

Population Distribution at a Global Scale

A
64
Q

Population Distribution at a National Scale

A
65
Q

Population distribution at a Local Scale

A
66
Q

Arable Land

A

Farmable Land

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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