Unit 2 Flashcards
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Population Distribution
patterns of human settlement an spread of people across the earth, highlighting places on a map if crowded, sparsed, or empty
Population Density
measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area, measuring how crowded a place is
Midlatitude
the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south of the equator
Social Stratification
the hierarchal division of people into groups based on factors like economic status, power, and/or ethnicity
Arithmetic Population density
calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area
Physiological Population Density
calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total amount of arable land
Arable
land suitable for growing crops
Agricultural Population Density
compares the number of farmers to the area or arable land
Redisrtricting
Boundary adjustments of rural areas and urban areas
Infrastructure
refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities.
Overpopulation
having more people than it can support
Carrying Capacity
the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
The Influence of Time
the carrying capacity of a region can change over time
Influence on Cities
cities could be built on land with low carrying capacity, but settlers have chosen sites for their settlements on or near land that could support a large population
Significance of Density
can result in environmental problems like air and water pollution or depletion of resources
Age-Sex Composition Graph
age and gender data, provides information on birth rates, death rates, average life expectancy, and economic development
Population pyramid
similar to age-sex composition graph, but can also give evidence of past events like environmental hazards, wars, political changes, and epidemics.
Cohorts
The vertical axis shows age groups, mostly listed in the middle of population pyramid, but can be shown on left or right side
Birth Deficit
the slowdown of births
Baby Boom
Once hostilities end and peace resumes, birth rates often spike, which could last years
Baby Bust
Once the boom ends, birth rates are lower for a number of years
Echo
the can be a bulge on a pyramid, which reflects an earlier baby boom
Potential Workforce
the group expected to be the society’s labor force
Dependent Population
people considered too young or too old to work full time, and assumed to rely on the economical active workforce to keep the society running
Dependency Ratio
the comparison between the size of the potential workforce and the dependent population
Demographic Balancing Equation
used to describe the future population of a region of any scale
Immigrants
people who moved into the country
Emigrants
people who moved out of the country
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average number of children who would be born per woman in a group in a country
Life Expectancy
the average number of years people live
Infant Mortality Rate
the number of children who die before their first birthday
Sewer Systems
Protecting water supply from contamination, increasing life expectancy
Water and Waste Systems
Systems that provide clean water through taxes, and also collected garbage and waste produced by city residents
Vaccines
the immunity to diseases given to people to prevent outbreak
Antibitotics
Helped cure people who had bacterial infections
Better Medical Care
Procedures that have improved to help life expectancy
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
amount of mortality per 1,000 population
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
the percentage of which a country’s population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration
Population Doubling Time
estimated using an equation known as the Rule of 70, assuming the growth rate remains steady, the approximate doubling time in years will be 70 divided by the growth rate per year
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize
Demographic Momentum
occurs because even though fertility rates have declined, people are living longer
Epidemiological Transition Model
explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies
Malthusian Theory
if people could not limit population growth voluntarily, famine, or widespread and massive starvation, would limit population growth
Boserup Theory
the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed
neo-Malthusians
people who believe population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat for the future
Antinatalist Policies
attempt to decrease the number of births in a country
Pronatalist Policies
programs designed to increase the fertility rate
Dependency Ratio
a value comparing the working to the nonworking parts of the population
