UNIT 2

Question 1

SYNTACTIC ROLES =

Answer 1

their function in classes. E.g. subject, verb and object.

Question 2

FORM AND STRUCTURE =

Answer 2

Types of phrases related to the head (NP, VP etc).

Question 3

MEANING =

Answer 3

meaning of the head word and its relation to other elements

Question 4

Proper nouns

Question 5

Common nouns can be divided into:

Answer 5

• Countable

- Uncountable

Question 6

DEFINITENESS =

Answer 6

used for countable and uncountable nouns but NOT for proper nouns.

Question 7

Nouns’ norm:

Answer 7

tend to have inflectional affixes for plural number and genitive case.

Question 8

Package nouns examples:

Answer 8

a load of, a big amount of, etc.

Question 9

Noun phrases are normally composed by:

Answer 9

(Determiners) + Head (Noun or Pronoun) + (Modifiers)

Question 10

Noun phrases can be followed by COMPLEMENTS such as…

Answer 10

That-Clauses and Infinitive To-Clauses

Question 11

THE MAIN VERB CAN: (2)

Answer 11

• BE ALONE

- PRECEDED BY AUXILIARY VERBS

Question 12

THE MAIN VERB CAN ALSO BE: (2)

Answer 12

• A finite verb (acts as a verb)

- A non-finite verb (-ing, -ed, etc as a noun, adj or adv)

Question 13

Verbs can also be ditransitive

Answer 13

(sb give sth to sb)

Question 14

VERB PHRASES ARE…

Answer 14

THE ESSENTIAL PART OF THE CLAUSE

Question 15

VERBS HAVE

Answer 15

INFLECTIONS IN THE PAST TENSE

Question 16

VERB PHRASES HAVE

Answer 16

LEXICAL OR PRIMARY VERB AS THEIR HEAD

Question 17

VERB PHRASES CAN BE

Answer 17

SPLIT INTO TWO PARTS (discontinuous). E.g. What’s he doing? / The current year has definitely started well.

Question 18

ADJECTIVE PHRASES can be

Answer 18

a degree of quality. E.g. How lucky/poor…?

Question 19

ADJECTIVE PHRASES can take…

Answer 19

COMPLEMENTS. E.g. slow to respond, more difficult than, so obnoxious that etc.

Question 20

ADJECTIVE PHRASES CAN BE SPLIT

Answer 20

E.g. really tough player to beat

Question 21

IMPORTANT ROLES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASES: (2)

Answer 21

• Attribute adjective. E.g. He’s a deeply sick man, we saw a very good movie.
• Subject predicative: following the verb ‘be’. E.g. That’s right, he’s totally crazy, etc.

Question 22

ADVERB PHRASE =

Answer 22

STRUCTURE

Question 23

ADVERBIALS =

Answer 23

CLAUSE ELEMENTS

Question 24

WHAT CAN FUNCTION AS ADVERBIALS?

Answer 24

ADVERB AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, AND ADVERB CLAUSES

Question 25

ADVERB PHRASES ARE LIKE…

Answer 25

adjective phrases in terms of structure.

Question 26

SYNTACTIC ROLES OF ADVERB PHRASES: (2)

Answer 26

• As a modifier: pretty much horribly spoiled, sweetly expressive face.
• As adverbial on the clause level: sweetly.

Question 27

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES STRUCTURE =

Answer 27

Preposition + Prepositional complement (noun phrase). E.g. on the night, in the morning, etc.

Question 28

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES CAN BE EXTENDED BY

Answer 28

an initial adverbial particle.

E.g. back to the fifties, down in the south, exactly at noon, etc.

Question 29

SYNTACTIC ROLES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: (2)

Answer 29

• As an adverbial on the clause level. E.g. he worked (in a shop).
• As a modifier/complement following the noun. E.g. a teacher of philosophy.

Question 30

PREPOSITION IS STRANDED WHEN…

Answer 30

IS NOT FOLLOWED BY ITS PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT. E.g. …ask for?, …is written on, …was driving at, etc.

Question 31

CLAUSE ELEMENTS ARE…

Answer 31

PHRASES THAT SERVE SYNTACTIC ROLES ON THE LEVEL OF THE CLAUSE

Question 32

NOT ALL PHRASES CONSTITUTE

Answer 32

CLAUSE ELEMENTS

Question 33

When it ISN’T a clause element?

Answer 33

When it does not relate directly to the central part of the clause: VP.

Question 34

Central clause elements (e.g. direct object) are needed to…

Answer 34

CONSTRUCT A STRUCTURALLY COMPLETE CLAUSE

Question 35

Peripheral elements (e.g. optional adverbials) are loosely…

Answer 35

attached to the rest of the clause.

Question 36

Peripheral elements can be ommitted…

Answer 36

without making the clause structurally incomplete

Question 37

PPs can be extended by: (2)

Answer 37

• an initial adverbial particle adding a meaning of direction/place/degree
• by a degree adverb

Question 38

THE PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT IS USUALLY A NP BUT…

Answer 38

IT CAN ALSO BE A CLAUSE (A COMPLEMENT CLAUSE = SAME ROLE AS A NP).

Question 39

SUBJECT IS OBLIGATORY EXCEPT…

Answer 39

IN IMPERATIVE

dummy pronoun