Unit 2

Question 1

Ribosomes

Answer 1

Made of rRNA, produces proteins

Question 2

Rough er

Answer 2

Connected to nucleur envelope; produces proteins for export out of the cell

Question 3

Smooth er

Answer 3

Processes proteins and synthesizes lipids

Question 4

Golgi bodies

Answer 4

Highly folded flattened membrane; ships the cell products package and transport

Question 5

Mitochondia

Answer 5

2 membranes, smooth outer and cristae; convert glucose to ATP

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

Full of enzymes; cleans up broken organellsa nd digests macromolecules

Question 7

Vacuoles

Answer 7

Vesicles for storage

Question 8

Chloroplast

Answer 8

2 membranes : stroma (inner liquid) and thylakoids (membranous sacs = ATP) ; converts sunlight to ATP and glucose

Question 9

Thylakoids

Answer 9

Organized into stacks aka grana (where the light dependednt reactions of photosynthesis occur).

• Stroma fluid inside chloroplast membrane and outside of thylakoid
• calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) reactions occur in the matrix of the mitochondria
Electron transport and ATP synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 11

Surface area : volume

Answer 11

Good to have more surface area; split one big block into multiple little blocks
- when volume increases, SA:V decreases

Question 12

Plasma membranes

Answer 12

Allow cells maintain seperate internal environments from external environments

Question 13

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 13

Made of of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic heads and hydrophobic tails. Hydrophilic heads on the outside
- hydrophobic proteins settle in the membrane, hydrophilic settle on the outside

Question 14

What can pass through the membrane?

Answer 14

Small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2, N2)

Question 15

How do large polar molecules or ions pass through?

Answer 15

Through channel proteins; glucose, sodium ions

Question 16

How do polar uncharged molecules pass through?

Answer 16

Through aquaporins; large amounts of water

Question 17

How do large nonpolar molecules pass through

Answer 17

Through the lipids, but very slowely

Question 18

Cell wall compositions

Answer 18

Complex carbs

Question 19

Passive transport

Answer 19

• No ATP
• materials moving with concentration gradient across membrane
  —> from high to low concentration

Question 20

Diffusion

Answer 20

Passive movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

Question 21

Osmosis

Answer 21

Diffusion of water from high concentration to low concentrations across semi-permeable membrane

Question 22

Active transport

Answer 22

• requires ATP
• materials moving against the concentration gradient across the membrane
  —> from low to high concentration
• uses membrane proteins to move materials out and into the cell

Question 23

Endocytosis

Answer 23

Bringing of substances into cell

- used to bring large molecules into the cell

Question 24

Exocytosis

Answer 24

Bringing materials out of the cell

- used to move large molecules out of the cell

Question 25

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

Uses membran e proteins to move charged and large polar molecules into the cell with the concentration gradient

Question 26

Hypertonic

Answer 26

Solutions have a higher solute concentration; water moves out of the cell. Plant roots are hypertonic (water moves from soil into roots)

Question 27

Hypotonic

Answer 27

Low solute concentration moves into cells of high concentration

Question 28

Isotonic

Answer 28

Equal solute concentation, water will move, but concentration will not change.

Question 29

Common ancestry of cells

Answer 29

Robosomes : found in all life forms
Membrane bound organelles evolved from living prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes maintain internal membranes

Question 30

Evidence of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 30

• double membrane
• Only produces by division of pre-existing mitochondria and chloroplasts
• own DNA (plasmids)
• have own ribosomes