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AP Gov > Unit 17 > Flashcards

Unit 17 Flashcards

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U.S. Government Basics flashcards AP® U.S. Government flashcards
1
Q

Political machine

A

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity.

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2
Q

Candidate centered politics

A

Politics that focuses on the candidates, their particular issues, and the character rather than party affiliation.

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3
Q

Party realignment

A

Dramatic shifts in partisan preferences that drastically alter the political landscape. (redefines)

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4
Q

Critical elections

A

An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues and personalities.

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5
Q

Secular realignment

A

The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system.

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6
Q

Deviating election

A

A brief change in which party has power, usually because of a charismatic leader or war hero

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7
Q

Dealignment

A

A general decline in party identification and loyalty in the electorate.

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8
Q

Superdelegate

A

Delegate to the Democratic Party’s national convention that is reserved for a party official, whose vote at the convention is unpledged to an individual candidate.

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9
Q

Think tank

A

Institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas.

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10
Q

Party platform

A

A statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention.

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11
Q

National convention

A

A party meeting held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform.

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12
Q

Proportional representation

A

A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party.

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13
Q

Winner-take-all representation

A

An electoral system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the elections.

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14
Q

Electorate

A

The citizens eligibility to vote.

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15
Q

Mandate

A

A command indicated by the electorate’s votes for the elected officials to carry out a party platform or political agenda.

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16
Q

Closed primary

A

A primary election in which only a party’s registered voters are eligible to cast a vote.

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17
Q

Open primary

A

A primary election in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to participate.

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18
Q

Runoff primary

A

A second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the first primary.

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19
Q

Crossover voting

A

Participation in the primary election of a party with which the voter is not affiliated.

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20
Q

Frontloading

A

The tendency of states to choose and early date on the nomination calendar.

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21
Q

Electoral college

A

Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect the president.

22
Q

Elector

A

A ember of the electoral college.

23
Q

Reapportionment

A

The reallocation of the number of seats in the House of Representatives after each decennial census.

24
Q

Midterm election

A

Am election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term.

25
Q

Ticket-splitting

A

Voting for candidates of different parties for various office in the sam election.

26
Q

Retrospective judgement

A

A voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on past performance on a particular issue.

27
Q

Prospective judgement

A

A voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected.

28
Q

Amendment 12

A

Modifies and clarifies the procedure for electing VPs and presidents

29
Q

Amendment 15

A

Black suffrage

30
Q

Amendment 17

A

Established popular voting as the process by which senators are elected

31
Q

Amendment 19

A

Women’s suffrage

32
Q

Amendment 26

A

Made voting age 18

33
Q

Nomination campaign

A

Phase of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election.

34
Q

General election campaign

A

Election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill the elective public offices

35
Q

Pollster

A

A campaign consultant who conducts public opinion surveys.

36
Q

Voter canvas

A

The process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-to solicitations or by phone

37
Q

GOTV (get out the vote)

A

A push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls

38
Q

Hard money

A

Political contributions given to a party, candidate or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed

39
Q

Soft money

A

Unlimeted political contributions earmarked for party building expenses or generic party advertising

40
Q

PACs

A

Federally mandated, officially registered fund-raising committee that represents interest groups in the political process

41
Q

Public fund

A

Donations to the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates

42
Q

Matching funds

A

Donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises

43
Q

527s

A

Independent groups that seek to influence political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because do no actively seek election of a candidate

44
Q

FEC (federal election campaign)

A

Six member bipartisan agency created by the FECA of 1974; they administer and enforce campaign finance laws

45
Q

FECA (federal election campaign act)

A

Law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances; provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure and attempted to limit contibutions

46
Q

Bipartisan campaign reform act of 2002

A

Legislation sponsored by McCain, from both parties, that prohibit the use of federally unregulated funds to finance a campaign, i.e. soft money (since repealed)

47
Q

Independent expenditures

A

An individual, group or party can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidate

48
Q

Issue advocacy

A

Advertising that intends to bring an issue to light without advocating voters to take a specific action at the election booth

49
Q

Express advocacy

A

Advertising that educates voters about issues with a specific candidate endorsement

50
Q

501(c) groups

A

Nonprofit, tax-exempt interest groups that can engage in varying levels of political activities such as voter mobilization and issue advocacy; not subject to FEC disclosure rules.

51
Q

Types of elections

A

Primary: selects party nominees
General: selects office holders
Initiative: policy voting
Recall: removes incumbents before next election

AP Gov (7 decks)

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