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science > Unit 16: Human Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit 16: Human Reproductive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction
4pt

A
  • Requires two parents, a male and a female, and involves special cells called gametes (sex cells)
  • Occurs in multicellular organisms
  • The new organisms are not identical to the parents
  • inherit characteristics from both parents
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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction
4pt

A
  • Production of new organisms from a single parent
  • Usually occurs in unicellular organisms such as the amoeba
  • New cells identical to the parent
  • A single amoeba reproduces itself by dividing into two new cells (division)
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3
Q

what is puberty
3pt

A
  • Puberty is a period where the body undergoes various physical changes and matures sexually
  • Puberty is necessary for the human body to prepare itself for sexual reproduction
  • Puberty begins when sex hormones are produced in the reproductive organs
  • eg oestrogen in ovaries and testosterone in testis
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4
Q

Physical Changes during Puberty
Changes in Female only
4pt

A

Ovaries release Ova (Egg)
Menstruation Begins
Breasts begins to develop
Hips become broader and rounder

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5
Q

Physical Changes during Puberty
Changes in both Male and Female
4pt

A

Sex Hormones released
Hair grows in armpits and around reproductive organs
Sex organs become larger
Height and weight increase

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6
Q

Physical Changes during Puberty
Changes in Male only
4pt

A

Testis produce Sperms
Voice Deepens
Hair grows on face and body
Muscle strength increase

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7
Q

Sex Glands
3pt

A
  • Produce fluids in which the sperms swim in
  • The mixture of sperms and fluid is called semen
  • Semen contains nutrients and lubricating effect to help the sperm move better
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8
Q

Scrotum
2pt

A
  • A bag of skin which holds the testes outside the body
  • The testes are outside the body because it requires a lower body temperature to produce healthy sperms (enrichment)
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9
Q

Testis (plural: Testes)
3pt

A
  • The testes produce male sex cells called sperms.
  • Each sperm is very small and shaped like a tadpole.
  • The sperm is the smallest cell in the human body
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10
Q

Sperm Duct
1pt

A
  • Carries sperms from the testis to the penis
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11
Q

Urethra
1pt

A
  • A tube which carries sperms and urine at different times
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12
Q

Penis
1pt

A
  • The organ from which sperm-carrying fluid leaves the body and is deposited in the body of the female
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13
Q

Ovary (Plural: Ovaries)
4pt

A
  • The ovaries produce eggs or ova (singular: ovum).
  • Normally, one ovum is produced (released) each month.
  • The ovum is the female sex cell.
  • It is the largest cell in the human body (and is the size of this full stop).
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14
Q

Oviduct (fallopian tube)
2pt

A
  • A tube which carries ova released from the ovary to the uterus
  • It waits for the sperm to reach for a few days before getting passed out of the system
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15
Q

Uterus
1pt

A
  • A pear-shaped structure where an embryo grows and develops
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16
Q

Cervix
1pt

A
  • The narrow opening of the uterus; it widens during the birth of a baby
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17
Q

Vagina
2pt

A
  • A tube which links the uterus to the outside of the body
  • Organ in which sperms are deposited and the passage though which a baby is born
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18
Q

Uterine Lining
1pt

A
  • To provide nutrients to embryo if fertilised or sheds if egg is unfertilised and repairs itself every menstrual cycle
19
Q

Human Sexual Reproduction
3pt

A
  • The fusion of sex cells is called fertilization
  • 3 stages in human reproduction on how life is formed: Fertilisation, Pregnancy, Birth
  • Nucleus of the cell contains the genetic information (DNA) in chromosomes
20
Q

Sperm
Movement ability
Location of Nucleus
No. of Chromosomes
No. of cells

A

Can move on its own with the help of the tail
Nucleus located in the head segment
Nucleus containing 23 chromosomes
About 2 million of sperms per ejaculation

21
Q

Egg (Ovum)
Movement ability
Location of Nucleus
No. of Chromosomes
No. of cells

A

Cannot move on its own
Nucleus located in the cell
Nucleus containing 23 chromosomes
Only one egg released in every 28-day cycle

22
Q

Heredity
6pt

A
  • The process of passing down the genetic material from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction is called heredity
  • The nucleus in each human cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
  • The chromosomes carry genes containing information that controls the growth and appearance of a child
  • Unlike ordinary cells, the ovum and the sperm have 23 single chromosomes each
  • During fertilisation, the 23 single chromosomes in each nucleus come together to form 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • Thus, a child receives half its genetic information from the mother (through the ovum) and half from the father (through the sperm)
23
Q

Menstrual Cycle
Day
1 to 5
Events
4pt

A
  • The thickened lining of the uterus is shed if fertilisation does not take place
  • It is discharged through the vagina together with blood
  • Menstruation occurs
  • Unfertilised egg, uterine lining and blood is discharged
24
Q

Menstrual Cycle
Day 6 to 9
Events
2pt

A
  • The lining on the wall of the uterus thickens with many blood vessels formed in it.
  • This process prepares the uterus for the implantation of the embryo if fertilisation occurs
25
Q

Menstrual Cycle
day 10 to 15
2pt

A
  • One ovary will release an egg into the oviduct on around day 14. This is known as ovulation.
  • A woman is most fertile during this period and having sexual intercourse is likely to lead to pregnancy
26
Q

Menstrual Cycle
day 16 to 28
events
1pt

A
  • The uterine lining will continue to thicken. If no fertilisation occurs, menstruation will occur again after day 28
27
Q

Disruptions to the Human Reproductive System
3 ways

A
  • The function of the human reproductive system can be disrupted by:
    1. Substance abuse
  • Taking drugs without doctors’ prescription (e.g Accutane – to control acne)
    2. Birth control methods (Contraception)
  • E.g. abstinence, rhythm method and condoms
    3. Abortion
  • The deliberate termination of a pregnancy
28
Q

Family Planning
3pt

A

Family Planning
* Often, married couples plan when to have a baby and how many to have. This is called family planning
* If a couple does not want to have a baby, they need to practise some form of birth control to prevent pregnancy
* Birth control methods can be classified into two main groups — temporary and permanent methods

29
Q

Birth Control Methods
Temporary - 7pt
Permanent - 2pt

A

Temporary
1. Rhythm Method
2. Abstinence
3. Spermicide
4. Condoms
5. Pills (Birth control pills)
6. IUD (intra-uterine device)
7. Diaphragm

Permanent
1. Tubal ligation
2. Vasectomy

30
Q

Temporary Birth Control methods
3pt

A
  • Artificial means - Use of chemicals or mechanical devices to prevent pregnancies and work by disrupting processes or functions
  • Intra-uterine devices prevent the embryo from being implanted in the wall of the uterus
  • STDs are transferred via body fluids
31
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Abstinence

A

Not having sexual intercourse at all Natural
Fertilisation

32
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Rhythm Method

A

refraining from sexual intercourse during ovulation / fertile period (usually days 11-17, ±4 days from day 14 which is ovulation day)
Natural
Fertilisation

33
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Condom

A

A thin rubber tube that is put on the erect penis before intercourse
Prevents sperms from being deposited in the vagina
Mechanical
Fertilisation

34
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Diaphragm

A

A rubber or plastic barrier that is fitted by a doctor over the cervix
Prevents sperms from entering the uterus
Mechanical
Fertilisation

35
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Intra-uterine device (IUD)

A

A plastic or metal coil or loop inserted by a doctor or trained person (metal coil destroys ovum)
Prevents the fertilised ovum from being implanted in the uterine wall
Mechanical
Implantation

36
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Spermicide

A

Substance that kills sperms
Applied in the vagina before intercourse
May be in the form of creams, jellies, foam and tablets
Chemical
Fertilisation

37
Q

Temporary Birth Control Method Description
Nature of Method
Mode of Prevention

Birth Control pills

A

Contain chemicals that mimic female hormones that prevent ovulation
Chemical
Ovulation

38
Q

Permanent birth control methods
3pt

A
  • These methods are carried out by a doctor to make a person incapable of reproducing. This is also known as sterilisation
  • Sterilisation is irreversible
  • Vasectomy for male sterilisation and Tubal Ligation for female sterilisation
39
Q

Vasectomy – Male sterilisation
3pt

A
  • The sperm ducts are cut and tied
  • No sperm can be released through the penis
  • Ejaculation is still possible but semen does not contain sperm
40
Q

Tubal Ligation – Female sterilisation
3pt

A
  • The oviducts are cut and tied
  • The ova will not be able to reach the uterus
  • As a result, sperm cannot reach the ova (fertilisation cannot occur)
41
Q

Social and Moral issues relating to human reproduction
* Premarital sex – having sex before marriage
3pt

A
  • Premarital sex – having sex before marriage
    Problems relating to premarital sex
  • Unplanned pregnancies
  • Abandoning of babies or giving them up for adoption
  • Feelings of loss, grief, rejection and identity issues in abandoned or adopted babies
42
Q

Social and Moral issues relating to human reproduction
* Abortion – the deliberate ending of a pregnancy
4pt

A
  • Abortion – the deliberate ending of a pregnancy
    Problems relating to abortion
  • Infections of the uterus and oviducts, leading to difficulty in getting pregnant in the future
  • Accidental puncturing of the uterus, resulting in heavy bleeding
  • Massive bleeding from the vagina may result in death
  • Feelings of guilt and depression
43
Q

Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections (STD/STI)

A
  • STDs are transmitted via body fluids.
  • There are 2 types of STI: Viral and Bacterial STIs.
  • Bacteria STIs can be treated with antibiotics while Viral STIs cannot be treated with antibiotics.
44
Q

How does medical advancement impact the human reproductive system and survival?

2pt

A
  • Increase in food supply, the development of medicines, and improved sanitation, improved transportation
  • This has resulted in more people being born each year than people dying, and increased lifespan

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