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Physiology > Unit 15: Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 15: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Main Function

A

Breakdown of organic nutrients so that they can be absorbed into the body

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2
Q

Organic Nutrients

A 
Carbohydrtaes
Lipids
Proteins
Water
Vitamins 
Minerals
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3
Q

Mouth

A

Food is broken up chewing and mixing with saliva to form a bolus

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4
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Produce Saliva to moisten and begin digesting some food particles

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5
Q

Esophagus

A

Straight muscular tube that connects the mouth and pharynx to the stomach

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6
Q

Stomach

A

Stores, mixes and disgests some food and delivers food to the small intestine

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7
Q

Liver

A

Many functions for digestion: secreting bile

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8
Q

Secretion from the Liver involves

A

The release of digestive fluids into the lumen of the digestive tract

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9
Q

Fluids from the Liver (6)

A 
Water
Mucous
Acid electrolytes
enzymes
bile salts
digestive enzymes
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10
Q

Digestion

A

Is the process whereby food is broken down into smaller molecules by the digestive enzymes so they can be taken up by the body

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Is the process whereby the small molecules are taken up by the circulatory system and distributed through the body

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12
Q

Saliva

A

Water + ions + protein

lubricates the bolus of food

digests carbohydrates (amylase)

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13
Q

3 Salivary Glands

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

2L of saliva

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14
Q

Control of production and secretion of saliva

A

Under control of the ANS

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15
Q

Swallowing (1)

A

Bolus of food is lubricated by saliva and pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue + swallowing reflex is initiated

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16
Q

Swallowing (2)

A

Uvula of the soft palate closes over the nasopharynx

larynx is lifted by the muscle in the neck

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17
Q

Swallowing (3)

A

Epiglottis bends back over the glottis covering the larynx

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18
Q

Swallowing (4)

A

The bolus moves down the esophagus through the cardiac orifice (lower esophageal sphincter) and into the stomach by a smooth wave of muscle contractions called peristalsis

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19
Q

Stomach Structure

A 
Esophagus
Fundus 
Body
Antrum
Pyloric Sphincter
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20
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Located at the distal portion

Regulated the emptying of the stomach into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum)

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21
Q

Empty Stomach

A

Thrown into folds rugae

Increasing the surface area allowing for expansion of the stomach as it fills with food

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22
Q

Stomach function

A

Liquifies, mixes and stores each bolus of food from the meal, mixture is called the chyme.

Stomach regulates the amount of chyme entering the small intestine so that it can become fully digested and reabsorbed

Some digestion takes place in the stomach

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23
Q

Digestion in the Stomach

A

Proteins being to be digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin

very little absorption

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24
Q

Substances that can cross the lining of the stomach to be absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Alcohol

Aspirin

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25
Q

How is mixing of the chyme in the stomach achieved (begin and end at?)

A

Mixing of the chyme is acheived by peristalsis contraction of the stomach walls that begin at the fundus and end at the antrum

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26
Q

Stomach contractions also help

A

Move the chyme through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine where most of the digestion and absorption takes place

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27
Q

Motility

A

Muscle activity causes the movement of substances through the digestive tract

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28
Q

Stomach Secretes

A 
Mucus
HCl
Pepsinogen
Gastrin
Intrinsic factor
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29
Q

Mucus (stomach)

A

Which is secreted by cells in the body + antrum of the stomach from the extremely acidic environment that is produced by HCl

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30
Q

HCl

A

Secreted by cells in the stomach body
begins to denature and unfold the complex proteins
kills bacteria
converts pepsinogen to its active form pepsin

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31
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Secreted from cells in the stomach

converted to its active form by HCl

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32
Q

Gastrin (secreted by cells in the…)

A

Hormone secreted by cells in the antrum

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33
Q

Instrinsic Factor

A

Helps with the absorption of vitamin B12

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34
Q

Pancreas

A

Part of it drains into the small intestine

Below the stomach

consists of endocrine, exocrine and digestive functions

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35
Q

Exocrine products of the pancreas

A

Are secreted into the long pancreatic duct

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36
Q

Pancreas produces and secretes the carbohydrate digesting enzyme

A

Amylase

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37
Q

Protein digesting Enzymes (Pancreas)

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Protease

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38
Q

Lipid digesting enzymes

A

Lipase

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39
Q

Pancreas secretes (pH)

A

sodium bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize the acid from the stomach

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40
Q

Contents from the stomach empty

A

Through a pyloric sphincter into the small intestine

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41
Q

Small Intestine structure

A

Longest section of the digestive tract reaching 9m in length

ends at the ileocecal sphincter where it empties into the ascending colon of the large intestine

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42
Q

Small intestine sections

A 
Duodenum (shortest segment)
Jejenum
Ileum (longest section; 50%)
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43
Q

Inner Structure of Small Intestine

A

Inner walls of the small intestine is thrown into folds

folds contain villi

the end result is a large surface area in which food comes into contact

44
Q

Villi Contains

A

A capillary network and lymphatic lacteral to absorb the digestive material

45
Q

Epithelial Intestinal Cells

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

46
Q

All digestion and absorption in the small intestine (location)

A

All digestion and absorption takes place in the duodenum and jejunum

47
Q

Digestion of the chyme

A

Occurs by the digestive enzymes from the pancreas and epithelial cells

48
Q

Bile

A

From liver

digests fat although not a digestive enzyme

49
Q

Process of Absorption is greatly enhanced by (3)

A

The large surface area produced by the villi lining the walls of the intestine

the large blood supply to the digestive tract

the motility/movement of the food in the intestine

50
Q

Forms of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

51
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

52
Q

Disaccharide

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

53
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

Starch

54
Q

To be absorbed carbohydrates

A

Must be broken down into monosaccharides

they can be absorbed by the transport systems in the wall of the small intestine

55
Q

Amylase

A

Digests carbohydrates in the mount

Salivary Enzyme

56
Q

Small Intestine + Carbohydrates+Pancreas

A

Pancreas secretes amylase into the duodenum

Pancreas also secretes bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acids from the stomach

57
Q

Each disaccharide requires a

A

specific enzyme to break it down its component monosaccharide

58
Q

These enzymes are located in the

A

Brush border of the microvilli located on the intestinal epithelial cell

59
Q

Lactose

A

Lactase

60
Q

Maltose

A

Maltase

61
Q

Sucrose

A

sucrase

62
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Lactose found in milk products

Gas, Cramps, Bloating, Diarrhea

Inability to digest lactose because of the inability to produce the enzyme lactase

Lactose cannot be broken down and absorbed into the body and will shut off the digestive tract

carbohydrates present in the large intestine are fed on by bacteria producing gas, bloating and cramps

63
Q

Carbohydrate Absorption

A

Intestinal epithelial cells contain Na+/K+ pumps on their basal side to establish a concentration gradient for sodium

Gradient powers the Na+/glucose located on the luminal side of the cell

Transporter move glucose into the cell as Na+ moves down its concentration gradient

Once glucose is inside the cell it will then diffuse out through the basal side by facilitated diffusion

64
Q

Proteins + AAs (structure/amount)

A

Consists of long chains of amino acids linked together

20 different AAs

11 non-essential AAs (produced by the body)

9 essential amino acids )that must be from the diet)

65
Q

Different groups of amino acids require

A

different enzymes to break them apart

66
Q

Proteins must be broken down into the AA building blocks

A

before they can be absorbed by the transport systems in the small intestine

67
Q

Protein Digestion

A

Begins in the stomach

HCl converts inactive pepsinogen to the active enzyme pepsin

HCl also helps to denature the long twisted strands of proteins

Protein unfolding gives the pepsin access to the long protein chains in order to digest them into smaller chains called a polypeptide

68
Q

Proteins leave the stomach as

A

Polypeptides passing through the pyloric sphincter

69
Q

Pancreatic protein-digesting enzymes pH

A

Require a neutral pH

Chyme form the acidic stomach must be neutralized (HCO3)

Pepsin is inactivated

70
Q

Pancreatic protein-digesting enzymes

A

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

71
Q

Protease location

A

Found along the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells

72
Q

Two different classes of protease enzymes

A

Endopeptidases

Exopeptidases

73
Q

Protein Absorption (AA + Small Polypeptides)

A

Secondary active transport requires the presence of a Na+ concentration gradient

As Na+ moves into the intestinal epithelial cell and down their concentration gradient they power a cotransporter that also moves amino acids into the cell

Small peptides are absorbed through endocytosis

74
Q

Types of fats

A

Triglycerides + phospholipids + cholesterol + long fatty acids chains

not water-soluble + do not mix well with water

75
Q

Stomach+Intestin fat digestion

A

Churning action of the stomach breaks up the large drops of fat into smaller ones

76
Q

Emulsification

A

Is important because it allows fat-digesting enzymes to do their work on very small drops of fat

77
Q

Fats tend to aggregate to form large droplets of fat

A

The difficulty is keeping these fats apart

78
Q

Bile

A

Produced by the liver + transported to the gallbladder where it is stored and concentrated

not a digestive enzyme

79
Q

Bile Composition

A

Water, bile salts, cholesterol, fatty acids + many ions

80
Q

Gall bladder releases bile

A

Into the duodenum of the small intestine during a meal

81
Q

Bile salts role

A

keep the lipids emulsified + prevent them from forming large aggregates

82
Q

Colipase

A

Lipid droplets coated in bile salts can not be reached by lipase

The pancreas secretes colipase a protein that allows lipase to get access to the lipid interior of the fat droplets

83
Q

Fat Droplets composition

A

Phospholipids

Cholesterol

84
Q

Pancreatic Lipase function

A

Attacks the phospholipids + removes 2 fatty acid chains leaving monoglycerides behind

As lipase slowly digests the lipid interior of the fat droplets the droplets get smaller

85
Q

Micelles

A

Single-layer of bile salts surrounding a very small lipid droplet

Help ferry the lipid droplets to the intestinal epithelial cells where lipids are absorbed

86
Q

Fat Absorption

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides can diffuse into the epithelial cells that line the intestine

87
Q

Cholesterol molecules are

A

transported into the cell by a specific active transport system

88
Q

Bile Salts after use

A

Left behind after the fats are absorbed

reabsorbed by a transport system in the cells in the ileum

bile salts return to the liver they are reused

89
Q

Monoglycerides+fatty acids in the intestinal cell

A

enter the endoplasmic reticulum when they will combine w/ cholesterol + proteins to form chylomicrons

90
Q

Chylomicrons are packaged up into

A

Secretory vesicles by the GA

they will leave the cell and enter the lacteals of the lymphatic system which eventually drains into the circulatory system

91
Q

Vitamins

A

Absorbed in the small intestine

92
Q

Lipid-soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

Diffuses through the membrane

93
Q

Water-soluble vitamins, how are they absorbed?

A 
B
C
Folic acid
Niacin
absorbed by carrier-mediated mechanisms
require an Na+ concentration gradient+ transporter
94
Q

Amount of water absorbed by the small intestine

A

9L

95
Q

Where does this water come from?

A

Not always from eating and drinking

80% is reabsorbed from water contained in saliva+ digestive enzymes from the stomach + pancreas + bile and the secretion from intestine

96
Q

The remaining water comes from (percentage)

A

20% comes from eating and drinking

97
Q

Amount of Water absorbed in the intestine varies…

A

Varies along its length

98
Q

Small intestine/large intestine water absorption

A
  • duodenum + jejunum absorb 44%
  • Ileum absorbs roughly 38%
  • large intestine absorbs 1.5%
  • 100ml is excreted in the feces
99
Q

Water reabsorption mechanism

A

As the molecular glucose, amino acids, lipids are absorbed an osmotic gradient begins to build up across the intestinal epithelial cells

  • water flows into the cells from the lumen of the intestine
  • As ions move into circulation and water follows into circulation
100
Q

Absorption of Na+

A

same as in the kidneys

occurs with the help of the Na+/K+ pump located on the basal lateral side of the intestinal cells

Na+ will move into the cell + down its concentration gradient from the lumen of the intestin

101
Q

Colon begins at the

A

ileocecal valve

102
Q

Length of Colon

A

1m

103
Q

Structure

A
  • Ascending
  • Longitudinal/transverse
  • descending limb
  • Curved Sigmoid section
  • Rectum + Anus
104
Q

diameter of colon

A

Large

105
Q

Colon has no

A

Folds or Villi

Physiology (12 decks)

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