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Physiology > Unit 13: Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Unit 13: Endocrine System II Flashcards

1
Q

__ adrenal glands resting above the kidneys

A

two

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2
Q

Adrenal gland consists of ______ and ______ tissue

A

glandular

neural

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3
Q

Inner _____ is composed of ______ tissue that is under control of the _ _ _

A

Medulla is composed of glandular tissue that is under control of the SYN

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4
Q

Outer cortex is under the control of the _______ ______. It is ______ in nature.

A

Pituitary hormones

endocrine in nature

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5
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

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6
Q

Each layer contains a different _____ ______ that secretes a different ______ ______

A

cell type

steroid hormone

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7
Q

Aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

Secreted in response to ANGII

low Na+ blood levels or high K+ blood levels

adrenocorticotropin hormone

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8
Q

Cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata

glucocorticoid hormone

helps with glucose metabolism

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9
Q

Androgen

A

Zona reticularis

secreted in response to ACTH

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10
Q

Medulla

A

Epinephrine

SYN

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11
Q

When stimulated by the SYN ______ is secreted into blood from the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

increases heart rate + force of contraction

blood flow to the heart and muscles

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12
Q

Cortisol: Always secreted…

A

I small amounts

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13
Q

Cortisol: _______ increases production and secretion

A

Stress

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14
Q

_ _ _ is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of _ _ _ _ from the pituitary

A

CRH

ACTH

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15
Q

_ _ _ _ travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands and stimulates the release of cortisol from the zona ______.

A

ACTH

Fasciculata

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16
Q

________ can feedback into the hypothalamus and _____ the release of _ _ _.

A

cortisol
inhibit
CRH

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17
Q

Cortisol molecule

A

Hydrophobic steroid hormone
diffuses into the cell and attaches to receptors in the cytoplasm
cortisol-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus of the cell and alters activity of the cell

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18
Q

Cortisol concentration ________ throughout the day due to the ______ ______.

A

Varies

circadian rhythm (metabolic cycle)

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19
Q

During the day

A

Low Cortisol levels

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20
Q

Spike

A

At around 4am
just before waking up
due to hunger; preparation for the day

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21
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

involved in glucose metabolism
protects against hypoglycemia
catabolic; causes the breakdown of complex molecules
catabolisis maintains blood glucose levels

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22
Q

Cortisol Effects

A

surpresses immune systems

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23
Q

Cortisol effects: Liver

A

increased gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

Cortisol effects: skeletal muscles

A

decrease in protein synthesis
increase in the breakdown of proteins
decrease in glucose uptake

25
Q

Cortisol effects: Adipose tissue

A
  • decrease in lipid synthesis
  • increase in lipolysis
  • increase in fat deposits in the abdomen + cheeks
26
Q

Cushing syndrome

A 
excess cortisol
wasting of muscles
poor wound healing
fat deposits in cheek and abdomen
depression
27
Q

Pancreas: parallel to and ______ the ______

A

beneath

stomach

28
Q

Pancreas contains

A

Endocrine tissue: secreting hormones into the blood

Exocrine tissue: secreting chemicals through a duct into the digestive tract

29
Q

Endocrine portion

A

1-2 million pancreatic islets

30
Q

Alpha cells

A
  • 25%

- secrete glucagon

31
Q

Beta Cells

A
  • 60%

- Secrete insulin

32
Q

Delta cells

A
  • 10% of islets

- secrete somatostatin

33
Q

Insulin

A

Protein hormone

secreted by beta cells

cause the body to store and rapidly take up glucose

secreted when blood glucose levels are high

a small increase is required

34
Q

Storage of Glucose

A

In the liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen

35
Q

______ + _____ + _____ _____ respond normally to insulin

A
  • liver
  • muscle
  • adipose-tissue
36
Q

a _______ in bg will decrease the release of insulin

A

decrease

37
Q

Glucagon

A

works in opposition to insulin
increases bg concentration
secreted when bg levels drop and when AA levels in the blood are high

38
Q

Glucagon stimulates the liver

A
  • glycogenolysis

- gluconeogenesis

39
Q

Secretion of glucagon is stimulated by

A

intense exercise

increase 4 to 5 times normal amount

40
Q

Glucagon causes the release of ______ ______.

A

Fatty acids can be used by muscles as a source of fuel

41
Q

_ _ _ stimulates glucagon secretion

A

SYN

42
Q

Why are fatty acids preferred by working muscles?

A

glucose is not that permeable to the cell membrane in the absence of insulin

43
Q

Somatostatin

A

Released in the digestive tract by the hypothalamus (GHIH)

44
Q

Somatostatin is released from

A

the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise/ AA levels in the blood increase or when there is increased blood born fats

45
Q

Somatostatin reduces the secretion

A

of glucagon and insulin

prevents extremely rapid storgae of food; makes it available for the body for a long period of time

46
Q

Fasted individual: BG level

A

80-90 mg/100 ml of blood

47
Q

1 hour after a meal

A

120-140 mg/100 ml of blood

return to normal due to insulin

48
Q

Starvation

A

glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis to help maintain blood glucose levels around 80-90 mg/100 ml of blood

49
Q

Glucose

A

primary energy source for the brain, - retina

- cells of the g

50
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin

inability of the target cells to react to insulin is in the blood

uptake and utilization of glucose by the cells of the body is dramatically decreased except for at the brain

dramatic increase of bg

51
Q

Type I diabetes

A

damage to insulin producing beta cells

52
Q

Type I diabetes occurs around the age of

A

14

53
Q

In type I diabetes the

A

immune cells attack and destroys insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas

54
Q

Glucose _____ __ taken up by the cell (TID)

A

not taken up

bg rises to 300-1200 mg/ 100 ml of blood

55
Q

Cells must rely on ___ + _____ _____ as a food source

A

fats

amino acids

56
Q

Consequences of Type I Diabetes

A

glucose in urine

dehydration caused by increased glycose in the urine

more glucose in the filtrate reduces the amount of water reabsorbed by osmosis: more is excreted in the urine

Damage to blood vessels

Metabolic acidosis

depletion of protein stores

57
Q

Damage to blood vessels

A
  • leads to tissue damage
  • eyes
  • heart attack and stroke
  • kidney damage
  • nervous system damage
58
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

accumulation of acids from the breakdown of fats

59
Q

Type II diabetes

A

80-90% of all diabetes

onset after 50 yoa

insulin has little effect on the cells throughout the body

cells are resistance to insulin’s uptake and storage effect

increase in bg level

decreased insulin release in later stages of disease

treated by a change in diet+weight loss

Physiology (12 decks)

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