Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Unit 11: Renal System > Flashcards

Unit 11: Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Renal System Components

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kidney Functions (6)

A

Regulation of

Water balance
electrolyte levels
pH of blood
long term regulation of arterial pressure
removal of non-essential substances from the plasma
recovery of essential substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Removal of non-essential substances from the plasma

A

Water metabolites

excess water

electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Recovery of essential substances

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kidneys do not

A

Produce water or electrolytes but only conserve them by reducing the amount in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Elimination of waste by the kidneys include

A

Drugs

food additives

vitamins that are excreted in the urines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kidneys also act as an endocrine gland producing hormones or components of hormonal systems

A

erythropoietin
renin
vitamin D
stenniocalcin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kidney

A

Size of a fist

Outer renal cortex

Renal medulla

Inner calyces that drain into the central renal pelvis

renal pelvis drains into the ureter

Nephrons the functional unis the kidneys are located in the renal pyramids

each nephron drains through a collecting duct into a calcyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood flows to the kidneys through the

A

Renal Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Large ____ branches off into several ___ _____ that in turn branch into _____ _____.

A

Artery

interlobar arteries

accurate arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood in the ______ ____ flows through the _____ _____ to supply the ______

A

Arcuate artery

interlobular artery

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Blood supply to the artery drains into the ______ vein the _______ vein, the _____ and then into the _____ vein.

A

interlobular
arcuate
interlobar
renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flow of blood

A 
Renal artery
Interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
nephron
interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney

3 million nephrons in each kidney whose fucntion is to filter the blood

Neprhons reabsorb essential subtances and excrete nonessential molecules and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nephrons are composed of

A

A highly coiled hollow tube surrounded by a complex blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

A glomerular capsule surrounds a very small highly permeable capillary called the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tubular Portion of the nephron consists of

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (highly coiled portion of the nephron)

Descending and ascending loop of henle

distal convuluted tubule

collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood from the renal artery reaches the ______ ____ that drains into the ______ _______.

A

interlobular artery

afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The _____ _____ gives use to the glomerus

A

afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood from the glomerulus enters the

A

efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blood then enters the _____ _______

A

peritubular capillaries

a dense network of capillaries surrounding the tubes of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drains into the _______ vein and eventually back to the _______ vein.

A

interlobular

renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Renal corpuscle (composition)

A

Made up of the glomerular capscule and the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Site Where the blood is filtered

A

Glomerular filtration

fluid that is filtered from the blood + water enter the glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Glomerular filtration is facilitated by

A

A highly permeable capillary endothelium that is surrounded by podocytes

large diameter afferent arteriole and smaller diameter efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of fluid through the glomerular capillary due to hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Filtrate

A

The solution created by filtration water+all dissolved soluted in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reabsorption

A

Movement of a substance from the lumen of the nephron back into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Secretion

A

Movement of a substance from the blood into the lumen of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of a substance from the body

Filtration + secretion - reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Bulk flow of fluid from the blood back into the glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Filtrate Content

A

the filtrate contains the same substances as plasma with the excepton of large proteins and RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glomerular Filtration is Affected by

A

Extremely permeable capillaries

starling forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Epithelial cells surrounding the capillaries

A

Podocytes, large filtration slits formed between pedicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Starling Forces

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Net filtration pressure is 10 mmHg out of the glomerulus into the capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

A

60mmHg

Causing filtration of fluid into the glomerular capsule

pressure is due to the difference in arteriole diameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Due to plasma proteins

-32 mmHg

Causing reabsorption of fluid into the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

A

-18 mmHg causing reabsorption of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Amount of Fluid filtered by the kidneys

A

180 L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Is the volume of fluid that is filtered by the glomerulus during a certain period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Filtered Load

A

Amount of these substances filtered by the kidneys per day

FL = GFR X Plasma Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Substance that should not be in the urine

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Urine concentration + amount of solute excreted

A

Amount of solute that is excreted per unit volume of urine (g/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ASE

A

Actual amount of solute that is excreted in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Amount Excreted

A

Urine concentration x Amount of water excreted per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Amount Reabsorbed

A

FL-ASE

47
Q

% Excreted

A

ASE/FL X 100%

48
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tube to the Collecting Duct

A

Reabsorption an secretion occurs to different substances in a non-regulated and regulated manner

49
Q

Transport Mechanisms

A 
Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
50
Q

_ _% of the substances filtered in the glomerulus are reabsorbed back into circulation

A

99

51
Q

When molecules are reabsorbed back into circulation their are two routes that can be taken

A

Intracellular

Paracellular

52
Q

Tubular cells are joined by _____ ______.

A

Tight junctions prevent substances from crossing between cells.

along the nephron the tight junction vary and can be leaky

53
Q

Transcellular Transport

A

From the lumen of the nephron to the tubule cell, to the interstitial space and to the interior of the blood vessel

54
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

Active transport ATP

3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in

Helps establish the Na+ concentration gradient necessary for secondary active transport

55
Q

Secretion

A

The process by which the kidneys remove unwanted substances from the blood into the lumen of the ER

56
Q

Secretion is generally a _____ ______ but in comse cases can occure without ______ ______.

A

Hormonally regulated

Hormonal Control

57
Q

Most substacnes that are secreted are eventually _____ in the ____.

A

excreted

urine

58
Q

_ and _ are secreted substances

A

H+ and K+

59
Q

Secretion does of K+

A

Does not rely on the presence of Na+/K+ pump

60
Q

H+ transportation

A

H+/K+ exchanger

61
Q

Na+ Reabsorption takes place in the

A

Proximal tubule
ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Early distal tubule

62
Q

Na+ Reabsorption control

A

Regulated and unregulated Mechanisms

63
Q

Na+ Hormones Regulating Reabsorption

A

Angiontensin II

Aldosterone

64
Q

In healthy individuals

A

All filtered glucose should be reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

AAs should be reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

65
Q

H2O Reabsorption takes place in the

A

Proximal Tubule

Descending loop of Henle

66
Q

H2O regulated mechanisms

A

ADH/Vasopressin acts in the late distal tubule + collecting duct

67
Q

K+ Reabsorption takes place in the

A

Proximal tubule

Ascending Loop of Henle

68
Q

K+ Secretion takes place in the

A

Ascending Loop of Henle
Late distal tubule
Collecting duct

69
Q

K+ Hormonally regulated mechanisms

A

Aldosterone

70
Q

H+ Secretion occurs in the

A

Proximal tubule
Ascending loop of henle
late distal tubule
collecting duct

71
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tube

A

Reabsorbs 66% of the total filtrate

72
Q

How is Na+ reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

Via simple diffusion due to the activity of the Na+/K+ cells setting a gradient, Na+ moves into the tubular cells

73
Q

How are glucose and AA reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

Na+ cotransporters

74
Q

Reabsorption of Water in the Proximal Tubule

A

After the reabsorption of AAs the filtrate has a lower solute concentration and a high water concentration compared to tubular cells and the interstial fluid. Water can move by osmosis via aquaporins down its concentration gradient.

Paracellular and transcellular transport

75
Q

K+ and Cl- reabsorption in the proximal tubule

A

65% of all filtered K+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

Reabsorbed through unregulated paracellular (solvent drag +simple diffusion) + transcellular transport

76
Q

Transcellular transport of K+

A

As water exits via osmosis it leaves behind a K+ concentration gradient. K+ can diffuse out of the lumen via simple diffusion

77
Q

Reabsorption of filtrate back into the circulatory system

A

Reabsorbed substances leave the cells and enter the interstitial space

78
Q

How Na+/Glucose/AA/K+ transported into interstitial spce

A

Na+ leaves via the Na+/K+ pump

Glucose and AA are transported across the basal membrane of the cells by specific facilitated diffusion carriers

K+ via solvent drag and diffusion

79
Q

_______ ________ cause these fluids to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream

A

Starling Forces

80
Q

Reabsorption of Filtrate (starling forces)

A

Hydrostatic Force is 13mmHg
Insterstitial hydrostatic force is 6mmHg
Osmotic force ue to plasma proteins 32mmHg
Interstitial osmotic force 15mmHg

-10mmHg back into the capillaries

81
Q

After reabsorption of solutes the concentration of the filtrate leaving the proximal tubule

A

Will not change significantly from what it was at the beginning of the tubules

240mmHg-300mmHg

82
Q

The Loop of Henle

A

The descending section that extends deep into the medulla of the kidneys and the anscending section that loops back into the cortex.

15% of water and 20% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in this region

83
Q

Medulla interstitial concentration

A

Dramatic change

Medulla-cortex junction: 300 mosm/Kg
Medulla: 1200 mosm/Kg

84
Q

Descending loop of Henle

A

Very permeable to water/not permeable to ions
Water moves out of the nephron into the interstitial space via osmosis due to the large concentration gradient in the interstitium.

loss of water results in filtrate concentration increasing dramatically to 1200 mOsm/Kg of water by the time it reaches the ascending limb

85
Q

Ascending Loop of Henle

A

Not permeable to water only ions are reabsorbed
Permeable to Na+, K+ and Cl-
transport of all three ions out of the filtrate depends ont he presence of Na+/K+ pumps in the tubule cells
Na+ concentration gradient drives the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter

86
Q

K+ in the ALH

A

Due to the Na+/K+ pump and the - Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter K+ concentration inside the tubule cells will increase dramatically
- some K+ will be secreted back out into the filtrate by simple diffusion through leaky channels

87
Q

Percentage of Na+, Cl-, K+ reabsorbed in the ALH + Filtrate concentration

A

25%

Decreases form 1200 to 100 mOsm/Kg of water

88
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Short section of the nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

12% of Na+ is reabsorbed here

Reabsorption of water in this section of the nephron is controlled by ADH and will depend on the level of hydration of the individual

Amount of water reabsorbed varies form 0-15%

89
Q

Early Section

A

Na+ ions diffuse into the tubule cells due to the concentration gradient established by the Na+/K+ pump

90
Q

Late Section

A

Closer to the collecting duct

Na+ reabsorption is regulated by aldosterone

91
Q

Aldosterone (Na+)

A

Increase the activity of the Na+/K+ pump
decreasing the ceontration of Na+ in the cell
Aldosterone will cause the cell to manfacture more Na+ channels on the luminal cell of the membrane
More Na+ will then be transported out by the increased activity of the Na+/K+ pump

92
Q

Aldosterone (K+)

A

K+ is secreted into the lumen of the nephron in response to aldosterone

due to the increased activity of the Na+/K+ pump

Number of K+ transporters are increased in the luminal membrane

93
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Collects filtrate form many nephrons and is the final area for processing the filtrate into urine

plays a role in determineing the final concentration of urine
only 10% of all filtered Na+ and water are reabsorbed in this region always under hormonal control

94
Q

Na+ reabsorption by _____ and water reabsorption by _ _ _

A

Aldosterone
ADH

Increase of either hormone increases reabsorption

95
Q

Secretion of K+ in the collecting duct

A

Takes place in the collecting duct due to the presence of aldosterone

Aldosterone increases the activity of the Na+/K+ pump on the basal side of the collecting duct increasing the concentration of K+ in the tubular cells

Aldosterone causes the cell to manufacture more K+ transporters on the lumen side cuasing K+ to secrete into the lumen

96
Q

Water is lost through

A

Lungs, urine, sweating, feces

0.3 L/Day

97
Q

Regulation of Water balance

A

Kidneys do not produce water they regulated the amount of water in the body

Water balance in the kidneys is regulated by ADH

98
Q

ADH

A

Produced in the hypothlamus and released from the pituitary posterior

negativ feedback control

99
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Sensors that detect water

located in the hypothalamus of the brain

respond to changes in the body fluid concentration

100
Q

Antidiuretic hormone pathway

A

Dehydration concentrates the body fluid

Osmoreceptors lose water by osmosis and shrink

shrinking osmoreceptors will signal the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH

ADH will then cause the kidneys to reabsorb more water form the distal tubule and collecting duct

101
Q

Overhydration

A

Dilured the body fluid decreasing their osmolarity and causes osmoreceptors to swell

less ADH will be released, less water will be reabsorbed in the distal tubule + collecting

more water is excreted

102
Q

Dehydration/Overhydration (blood pressure/volume)

A

Low blood volume and lower blood pressure

Increases blood volume + blood pressure

103
Q

Blood volume change

A

Detected by volume receptor in the wall of the left atrium

104
Q

The blood pressure change is detected by

A

Baroceptors

105
Q

Volume receptors

A

Can control the release of ADH

  • ADH causes reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule + collecting duct directly acting on cells of these regions
  • ADH stimulated these cells to manufacture more aquaporins in the luminal membrane
  • More water is reabsorbed by osmosis due to the concentration gradient across the luminal cells (lower solute on the outside higher solute on the inside)
  • less water is excreted in the urine
  • reabsorbed water enters the peritubular capillaries due to starling forces
106
Q

Na+ Role

A

Main extracellular ion

determinant of the extracellular fluid volume

plays a role in water balance

water levels affect blood pressure

107
Q

Na+ levels are regulated by the

A

RAAS

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

108
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands
secreted into circulation when blood Na+ levels are low or when blood K+ levels are high
Helps return the concentration of ions to normal
Secreted in response to angiotensin ii and in very small amounts by the adrenal corticotropic hormones

  • Aldosterone will return Na+/K+ concentration to normal by causing reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ in the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
  • Aldosterone secretes into the cell and causes the formation of more Na+/K+ channels which are inserted in the luminal membrane
  • More Na+ will enter the cells while K+ leaves down their concentration gradients
  • Aldosterone increases the activity of the Na+/K+ pumps
109
Q

RAS

A

Renin angiotensin system

involves a series of chemical reactions that convert inactive protein to angiotensin II

110
Q

Angiotensinogen

A
  • produced by the liver

- reacts renin produced by the juxtaglomerular cells located in the walls of the afferent + efferent arterioles

111
Q

Renin

A
  • released when blood pressure/plasma Na+ levels are low
  • converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
  • converted into the active hormone angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme produced in the lungs
112
Q

Angiotensin II

A

increases the reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal convoluted tubule + ascending limb of the loop of Henle

AngII acts directly on the cells of the nephron regions to increase the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger

AngII stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal gland which will act on the cells of the distal tubule + collecting duct

113
Q

Low Na+; low bp

A

Angiotensin II

  • Vasoconstrictor
    • increased TPR
    • increased bp
  • stimulates thirst

Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions