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Biology AS > Unit 1.5 > Flashcards

Unit 1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Polymer?

A

made of monomers
single units
nucleotide

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2
Q

What is nucleotide made of?

A

3 components
Phosphate
Pentose
Sugar
Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

DNA sugar?

A

Deoxyribose

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4
Q

RNA sugar?

A

ribose

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5
Q

ATP?

A

Heterotrophic organisms derive chemical energy from food
Autotrophic organisms derive chemical energy from light energy through photosynthesis

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6
Q

what does it stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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7
Q

What does it mean by universal energy currency?

A

used in all chemical reactions in all cells

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8
Q

How much ATP do humans break down?

A

50 kg of ATP a day but the body only retains 5g because ATP is not a storage molecule

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9
Q

Equation?

A

ADP + Pi—- ATP
condensation / phosphorylation
ATP —- ADP +Pi
Hydrolysis

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10
Q

The structure of ATP?

A

when energy is needed in a living organism, the enzyme ATPase hydrolyses the termianl bond between the 2nd and third phosphate
if ATP = hydrolysed into adenine diphosphate
it releases 30.6kj of energy

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11
Q

Equation for this?

A

ADP+Pi — ATP
Photophosphoryation
condensation requires 30.6 KJ ( endergonic)

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12
Q

ATP transfers?

A

free energy from energy rich compounds (glucose) to cellular reactions it would produce a massive increase in temp which would destroy the cell
instead ATP releases small quantities of energy in a series of steps, minimising energy lost

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13
Q

Compare Glucose + ATP?

A

only 1 enzyme = needed to release energy from ATP but many are needed for glucose
ATP releases energy in small amounts when and where is needed whereas glucose releases energy all at once
ATP is a universal energy currency which can be used in all reactions in all cells but glucose cannot
ATP is easily hydrolysed in a single reaction, whereas glucose has many intermeidates

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14
Q

Role of ATP at cellular level?

A

metabolism
movement - muscle contraction
Active transport - to change the site of the carrier protein
nerve transmission - for use by Na+/K+ pump
secretion from vesicles
biolumniscence

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15
Q

Bioluminscence?

A

production + emission of light from a living organism

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16
Q

The structure of DNA?

A

pentose sugar in the nucleotide = deoxyribose
4 organic bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Sugar phosphate backbone protects genetic into 2 polynucleotide strands
in the shape of a double helix
bases face each other + joined by H bonds
between A+T - 2 H bonds
between C-G - 3 H bonds
A = complementary to T
G = complementary to C
DNA = very long, thin + tightly coiled into the chromosome
double helix diameter - 2nm
chromosome number = longest at 85nm
nucleotide in 1 strand = arranged in the opposite direction to those in the complementary strand
they are antiparallel - not going in the same direction

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17
Q

Functions of DNA?

A

single molecule which passes from generation to generation unchanged
a large molecule to accommodate the vast genetic information
the 2 strands are easily to separate as they’re held by weak hydrogen bonds
the bases of the inside of the double helix contain the genetic information whilst the backbone offers protection

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18
Q

Structure of RNA?

A

single stranded polynucleotide
contains pentose sugar ribose
2 purines (AG)
2 pyrimidines(CU)

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19
Q

3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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20
Q

mRNA?

A

messenger RNA
long, single stranded
synthesised in the nucleus
carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm(function)

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21
Q

rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA
cytoplasm
large + complex
component of a ribosome

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22
Q

function?

A

the site of translation of the genetic code into proteins

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23
Q

tRNA?

A

Transfer DNA
small single stranded
folded so the bases can form complementary pairs
clover leafed shape

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24
Q

Function of tRNA?

A

to carry a sequence of 3 bases called an anticodon + transport specific amino acids

25
Q

Compare DNA and RNA?

A

DNA = double helix
RNA = single stranded
DNA = long
RNA = short
DNA = Deoxyribose
RNA = ribose
Purines = the same in both
DNA = Pyrimidines CT
RNA = Pyrimidines CU

26
Q

Watson crick?

A

proposed the molecular structure of DNA
they used information on Franklin + Wilkins who used X Ray defraction to show the structure of DNA

27
Q

Function of DNA?

A

small molecules of DNA occur in chloroplasts and some have RNA
2 main functions = replication + DNA have complementary strands. the base sequence of 1 determines the other

28
Q

If the 2 strands of double helix separate what happens?

A

2 identical double helixes can be formed
each parent strand acts as a template

29
Q

2nd function?

A

protein synthesis
sequence of bases determines the amino acid sequence + protein which can be made

30
Q

DNA replication?

A

chromosomes may make copies of themselves, so when the cell divides each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information
this replication occurs during interphase in the nucleus

31
Q

Conservative replication?

A

the parental double helix remains intact and whole new double helix is made
the 2 new double helixes contain pigments from both parent strands

32
Q

Semi Conservative Replication?

A

parental double helix seperates into 2 strands
each strand acts as a template to produce a new strand

33
Q

Meselson + Stahl?

A

cultured E.coli
the medium contained the heavy isotope N15

34
Q

Process?

A

the medium contained heavy isotope N15
create 4 test tubes light or heavy
N15 were washed + transferred to a medium of N14 and were allowed to divide
DNA from the first generation were centrifuged
DNA from 2nd generation settled at a high point medium point and a lower point indicating
N15 N15 N15 N14 N14 N14
this rules out conservative replication

35
Q

Genetic code?

A

DNA = a store of genetic information
Information = coded in the sequence of bases which make up genes
Base sequences determines which amino acids join together and which proteins are made

36
Q

If 3 bases = removed from a polypeptide chain?

A

there will be 1 less amino acid

37
Q

If one base coded for 1 amino acid how many could be made?

A

only 4 amino acids

38
Q

If 2 bases codes for 1 amino acid?

A

would be 16combinations

39
Q

If 3 bases coded for 1 amino acids?

A

there would be 64 combinations

40
Q

3 bases encode?

A

each amino acids and is known as the triplet code

41
Q

4 to the power of n, what is n?

A

number of bases

42
Q

How many possible codes?

A

but only 20 amino acids are found in proteins

43
Q

Degenerate?

A

not being used but still present

44
Q

Codon?

A

triplet of bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid

45
Q

Anticodon?

A

a triplet of bases found on tRNA
removal of introns

46
Q

Intron?

A

non coding nucleotide sequence found in DNA and pre mRNA
must be removed before sequence is copied

47
Q

Exon?

A

a nucleotide sequence in DNA and pre - mRNA that remained present after the introns have been removed as it is coding DNA

48
Q

In eukaryotes?

A

introns = removed before code is translated into a protein

49
Q

Introns?

A

cut out using restriction endonuclease

50
Q

What are exons joined by?

A

using enzyme ligase

51
Q

Transcription?

A

a segment of DNA which acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary sequence of RNA
(using RNA polymerase)

52
Q

Translation?

A

of codons on an mRNA strand on a ribosome in the cytoplasm which is used to produce a specific sequence of amino acids which can be made into a polypeptide chain using ribosome

52
Q

Transcription?

A

DNA does not leave the nucleus as it is too big
DNA acts as a template
Enzyme DNA nuclease breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases
the 2 strands seperate and unwind, exposing the bases
mRNA enters through the nuclear pore and aligns opposite the DNA strand
free nucleotides = present in the nuclear plasm
enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the template of DNA at the start codon
Free Nucleotides align opposite the template strand
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, forming H bonds between the nucleotides
The DNA strand rewinds to form a double helix

53
Q

RNA polymerase?

A

when the RNA polymerase separates from the template strand
a stop codon = signalled
a newly formed complementary copy of mRNA leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pore

54
Q

Translation?

A

Ribosome has 2 subunits
large = 2 attachment sites
small = 1 attachment sites
the ribosome acts as a work bench to hold the codon and anti codon complex
when the 2 amino acids sufficiently close they form a peptide bond
the polypeptide chain = packaged and modified in the Golgi body
3 sites of translation
Initiation
elongation
Termination

55
Q

Intiation?

A

tRNA with the anticodon complex attaches to the ribosome forming H bonds with the mRNA strand
second tRNA attaches to the ribosome, allowing peptide bonds to be formed

56
Q

Elongation?

A

Ribosomal enzyme = required to create the peptide bond
the first tRNA leaves and returns to the cytoplasm to find specific amino acids
Ribosome moves by 1 codon along the mRNA strand
Another tRNA binds

57
Q

Termination?

A

sequence repeats until a stop codon = reached
the ribosome, mRNA and polypeptide = separate

Biology AS (12 decks)

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