Unit 1.1 Flashcards
Inorganic ions def?
they’ve got a charge
ion?
a species which has gained or lost an electron
Magnesium?
a consituent of chlorophyll + is needed for photosythesis
what is the lack of chlorophyll?
suffer from chlorosis
another use for magnesium?
consituent of bones
osteporosis - lack of magnesum
brittle bone disease
Iron?
consituent of hameoglobin
also transports oxygen
Hb402 - oxyhaemoglobin
what is Hb?
quartenary protein
compact 4 subunits
twisted tertiary protein
Phosphate iron?
Po43-
consituent of nucloetide
what is a monosaccharide?
simplest sugar - (CH20)N
deoxyribose?
C5H10O4
Bases?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Hydrolysis?
Chemical insertion of water
ATP?
ADP+Pi + 30.6 KJ mol^-1
exergonic?
releases energy
endergonic?
gains energy
what are the properties of water?
high latent heat of vaporisation
High specific heat capacity
high surface tension
hydrogen bond
high density
transparent
solven
latent heat of vaporisation
a large quantity of heat energy is required to convert a liquid to a vapour
its biological purpose is that sweat is being released from the skin, evaporating and taking its heat energy with it, leaving the surface cool
evaporation of water through the stomata from the surface of a leaf causes a transpiration stream
high specific heat capacity?
large quantity of energy is required to raise the temperature by 1 degree
this is because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules restrict their movement preventing an increase in kinetic energy
biological purpose is to keep the aquatic habitats stable
no adaptations to extreme
High surface tension?
cohesion between water molecules at a surface
cohesion?
attraction of water molecules for each other due to the dipole structure of water, producing hydrogen bonds between
dipole?
a polar molecule with a positive and negative charge seperated by a very small distance
hydrogen bond?
a weak attractive force between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom of 1 molecule and the partial negative charge of another atom usually Oxygen or Nitrogen
biological purpose? surface for insects to feed from for example pondskater
high density?
water has a maximum density at 4 degrees
ice is less dense than water because the hydrogen bonds hold the molecules further apart
ice = a good insulator and prevents water from losing heat so organisms beneath the surface survive
transparent?
allows light to pass through allowing aquatic plants to photosynthesise
solvent?
water molecules have dipoles which attract
carbohydrates?
organic compounds that only have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
the basic unit is a monosacchride
(CH2O)n
(CH20)3 = C3H603
(CH20)6 = C6H1206
what are disacchrides and polysacchrides made of?
monosacchrides
what are the 3 types of monosacchrides?
Alpha
Beta
straight chain
what are the properties of monosacchrides?
source of energy for respiration
C-H + C-C bonds = broken + they release energy
energy = transferred to allow ADP+Pi ——- ATP (30.6KJ mol-1)
what are used to make polysacchrides?
monosacchrides
examples of monosacchrides?
starch
chitin
cellulose
glycogen(liver + muscles)
what are 2 polymers of starch?
amylose(linear) + amylopectin(branched)
give examples of constituent of nucleotides
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA
what is the test for monosacchrides?
benedicts reagant which is CUSO4 + KOH
what is the formula?
CUS04(aq) + KOH(aq) ——- CU(OH)2+ K2SO4(aq)
what is the colour change?
blue to green to yellow to orange to red
what to do then?
heat to 70 degrees, also needs tube in equal volumes
benedicts + whatever else we are testing
what is the test for non reducing sugars?
made of 2 monosacchrides joined together by a glycosidic bond and the elimination of water because it is a condensation reaction
Glucose + Galactose?
lactose
Glucose + fructose?
sucrose
Glucose + Glucose?
maltose
what is the test for a disaccharide called?
non reducing sugar + HCL
a qualititative test or a semi qualitative test
example of a quantitative test?
biosensor
Why do we use HCL?
to break the glycosidic bond after first testing with benedicts + it will stay blue + NAOH+ heat to 70 degrees before retesting with benedicts reagent
would get a colour change
dependent on the concentration of sugar
Polysaccharides?
large complex polymers
(repeating unit of monomers)
linked by glycosidic bonds
glucose is soluble so must be converted to glycogen in animals + starch in plants
glucose would increase solute potential so water would be drawn out of cells by osmosis
Glucose vs polysaccharide?
Polysaccharide is insoluble + has no osmotic effect
It cannot diffuse out of the cell as it is too big
they are compact molecules (storage)
carry energy in C-H and C-C bonds
starch?
storage of glucose in a plant
tubers in the roots of potatoes
starch is stored in the seeds
made of alpha glucose
2 forms of starch, amylose + amylopectin
what is the test for starch?
iodine in potassium iodide
describe the test for starch?
Iodine solution which is dissolved in potassium iodide
colour change from orange to blue black
depth of black colour is supposed to indicate the concentration of starch but colour intensity decreases above 35 degrees
+ it is unreliable at low PH
qualitaitve
where is glycogen?
liver and muscle cells where it is being converted from glucose to glycagon under insuline
shown by
glucose —— glycagon
what is it used for?
main storage product in animals
similar to amylopectin
( branched )
(1,4)
(1,6)
in animals the chain length is longer
what is cellulose?
structural polysachharide
found in plant cell walls
what is cellulose used for?
made of beta glucose
1,4 glycosidic bond in a straight unbranched chain
glucose molecules = rotated by 180 degrees
Hydrogen bonds join the parallel chains for structural stability
cellulose molecules = tightly packed forming 60 - 70 microfibrils
chitin?
a structural polysaccharide
fungal cell walls
exoskeleton of insects
similar structure to cellulose
made of beta glucose + has a 1,4 glycosidic link
contains amino acids
heteropolysaccharide
monomeers = rotated by 180 degrees and is cross linked by H bonds to form microfibrils
heteropolysaccharide?
N + carbohydrate
Lipids?
made of:
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
its non polar ( uncharged)
cannot dissolve in water
but can dissolve in ethanol and propanone which are organic solvents
what is it formed of?
triglycerides
1 glycerol molecule + 3 molecules of fatty acids
glycerol = the same as every lipid but fatty acid varies
condensation reactions + forms an ester bond
what is a phospholipid?
type of lipid where 1 end of the molecule is soluble in water and the opposite end is hydrophobic
what is it made of?
3 components
Phosphate
Glycerol
Chlorine
(Hydrophillic head)
wax?
melting temp - 45 degrees
use - cuticle in a leaf
exoskeletons in insects for example beatle
Saturated fats?
has single C-C bond
solid at room temp
( 20 degrees)
max number of H
e,g palmitic acid
CH3(CH2)16COOH
Unsaturated fats?
plant oils
liquid at room temp
at least 1 carbon - carbon double bond
produces a kink in the chain
minimum number of H
e.g oleic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH
CH(CH2)7COOH
What are the role of phospholipids?
Biological membranes
electrical insulation of an axon in a nerve cell
What are the role of triglycerides?
protection of delicate internal organs.
e.g your kidneys
thermal insulation to prevent heat loss
buyoancy - helps you to float
energy storage - twice as much energy as a carbohydrate
metabolic water = produced when lipids = oxidised
What are the role of waxes?
reducing water loss from exoskeletons + from cuticles of plants
Test for fats?
emulsion test
dissolve in absolute ethanol
this breaks the esther bond
shake it with an equal volume of water
lipids become insoluble + form a cloudy suspension
What is the effect of saturated fats on humans?
the main cause of heart disease
fatty deposits in the coronary artery
causes
atherosclorosis + high blood pressure
( hypertension)
a diet high in saturated fat smoking + lack of excercise leads to?
heart disease
LDL?
Low density lipo protein which is found in saturated fat + causes an artheroma to form in the coronary artery ( fatty deposit) which restricts the supply of O2 to the heart muscle. Results in severe pain the chest known as angina + if its not treated, it results in myocardical infaction
(heart attack)
HDL?
High density lipo protein
carries harmful fats via the hepatic portal vein + the liver where they are broken down, preventing an artheroma
doctors measure the ratio of HDL:LDL in a person’s blood to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
What is a protein?
compound with
C
N
H
O
S
P
What is a monomer of a protein?
amino acid - 20 different amino acids
all have the same basic structure
What are the 4 types of Protein structure?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary
primary structure?
a polypeptide chain which is formed from amino acids which can be joined in any number, order + combination
primary structure is determined by the base sequence on 1 strand of the DNA molecule
Secondary structure
2 types
alpha helix
(more common of the 2)
beta pleated sheet
beta pleated sheet?
the shape is maintained by hydrogen bonding + peptide bonding along the chain
the polypeptide chain = twisted into a 3d shape
examples =
collagen
keratin
fibroin
tertiary?
a secondary structure which is folded + twisted to give a complex 3 d structure
Hydrogen
Ionic
Disulphide bridges
Hydrophobic interactions
Quarternary?
polypeptide chain which cannot function unless attatched to a non protein group
for example Haemoglobin
Haem = Fe2+
(non protein group)
Globular proteins?
compact + folded into a spherical shape
soluble in water
polypeptide chains have no cross links
can be used for enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins + hormones
fibrous proteins?
long thin molecules
insoluble in water
polypeptide chains are in parallel and have cross links
strong + tough and used in collagen, tropocollagen and keratin
Test for a protein?
Biuret test
(Cu(SO4 + NaOH)
Cu(SO4 + 2NaOH —- Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
blue solution is added to protein, producing a colour change from blue to lilac
at low concentrations, colour is difficult to detect
semi qualitative test
