UNIT 14-INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY🤎 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

what are alkanes?

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what are hydrocarbons? what are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

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define an empirical formula and molecular formula, give examples of each

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define a structural formula, give an example

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define a displayed formula, draw the displayed formulae for propene and butan-2-ol

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define a skeletal formula, give the skeletal formula for propene and butan-2-ol

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define a homologous series and functional group including the function of a functional group

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give the prefixes for organic compounds with 1-10 carbon atoms

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what are aryl compounds? give the displayed formula and skeletal formula, how do we name molecules with two or more alkyl groups?

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explain the difference between sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms (include references to the differences in the shapes and bond angles
what are sigma bonds? explain using an example of ethane

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what are pi bonds? use the term planar when describing the arrangement of atoms in organic molecules like ethene
describe the arrangement of σ and π bonds in molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms

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differentiate between straight-chained, branched and cyclic molecules
define structural isomers, give an example

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give 3 types of structural isomerism

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define position isomerism, give an example

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define chain isomerism, give an example

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define functional group isomerism, give an example

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what are stereoisomers? give two types of stereoisomerism

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define geometrical(cis/trans) isomerism, which compounds have this isomerism, give an example of a cis-isomer & trans-isomer and explain the difference between the two

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how similar are the properties of stereoisomers?

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what is a reaction mechanism? what are the two ways in which covalent bonds can break?

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define optical isomerism, draw a diagram showing this concept including the chiral centre and enantiomers(explain what they are), what is the meaning of asymmetric?

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define homolytic fission, what is used to represent an unpaired electron?

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define a free radical, give an example equation for the formation of a free radical

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what is a free radical reaction? name the three steps of a free radical reaction

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explain the initiation step including equations for halogen-methane substitution, define homolysis

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explain the propagation step including equations(2) for halogen-methane substitution

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explain the termination step including equation(3) for the possible products formed in halogen-methane substitution

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define heterolytic fission, give two examples showing equations (with a halogen & alkyl group)

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explain what happens using an equation showing heterolytic fission of a CX bond, what is a carbocation?

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list 3 types of carbocations, draw their structure and state which is the most to least stable

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differentiate between an electrophile and a nucleophile, differentiate between the terms nucleophilic and electrophilic define the following reactions-free-radical substitution -electrophilic addition -nucleophilic substitution -nucleophilic addition

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what is an addition and elimination reaction? give an example of each

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what is a substitution reaction? give an example

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what is a condensation and hydrolysis reaction?

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how can hydrolysis be sped up? give an example of a reaction where hydrolysis is sped up and write the equations (2), explain the difference in the products

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