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Ap psych > unit 14 > Flashcards

unit 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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2
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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8
Q

role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

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10
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

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11
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

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12
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

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13
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

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14
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

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15
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occur-ring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

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16
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

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17
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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18
Q

norm

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

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19
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

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20
Q

stereotype

A

a generalized belief about a group of people

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21
Q

discrimination

A

1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (p. 270) (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

22
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

23
Q

ingroup bias

A

ingroup: group you are part of
outgroup: group you are not in
we tend to be biased toward the ingroup

24
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

25
Q

other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. (Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.)

26
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

27
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

frustration can lead to anger which can generate aggression

28
Q

social script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act

29
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

30
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in an-other, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

31
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

32
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

33
Q

self-disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

34
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

35
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

36
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

37
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

38
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help.

39
Q

conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

40
Q

social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

41
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

42
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

43
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

44
Q

GRIT

A

passion & perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

45
Q

self serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

46
Q

Solomon asch

A

best remembered for his research on the psychology of conformity. 

47
Q

leon festinger

A

proposed the cognitive dissonance theory

48
Q

stanley milgram

A

famous for his experiments on obedience to authority

49
Q

Phillip zimbardo

A

famous for the stanford prison experiment

50
Q

margaret floy washburn

A

best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development

Ap psych (14 decks)

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