unit 1 Flashcards
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore rely on observation and experimentation
structuralism
early school of though promoted by wundt and Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
functionalism
school of thought provided by james and influenced by darwin, explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
experimental psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
behaviorism
study of observable behavior
-John B watson & B.F. Skinner were behavior psychologists
-This study was only about physical behavior
humanistic psychology
humanism of studying how we meet our needs
-study led by carl rogers & abraham maslow
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, & language)
psychology
the science of behavior & mental processes
nature-nurture issue
concerned with the relative contribution that both influences make to human behavior, such as personality, cognitive traits, temperament & psychopathology
natural selection
the principle, among range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
levels of analysis
LOA are biological, cognitive and sociocultural. These are various ways of observation in psychology
biopsychosocial approach
considers biological, psychological & social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness and health care delivery
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
biological psychology
studying the links between biological & psychological
cognitive psychology
study of all mental activities (thinking, knowing, remembering)
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior & mind using principles of natural selection
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
socio-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
psychometrics
scientific study of the measurement or human abilities and traits
basic research
explores questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately used.
-Aims to explain, predict and describe behavior
developmental psychology
studying our growth and span
educational psychology
study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
personality psychology
investigating our persistent traits
social psychology
exploring how we view and affect one another
applied research
aims to address and answer real world problems
-ex. research on therapies for drug addicts
industrial-organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts & methods to optimizing human behavior to work places
human factors psychology
an psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
counseling psychology
help people cope with challenges
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, and review
wilhelm wundt
father of experimental psychology and founder of the first psychology laboratory
G. Stanley Hall
Founder of american psychological association and was its first president
William James
First educator to offer a psychology class in the US
Mary Whiton Calkins
Psychologist and philosopher who introduced self psychology field
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to earn a doctoral degree in american psychology
sigmund freud
founder of psychoanalysis
john B watson
popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism
b.f. skinner
developed the theory of operant conditioning
carl rogers
one of the founders of humanistic psychology
-developed person/client centered approach to psychotherapy
-developed concept of unconditional positive regard
jeon piaget
theory of cognitive development
charles darwin
evolutionary psychology
-natural selection to mind
-all living species arrived at their current biological form through a historical process involving random inheritable changes
dorothea dix
founding expansion of more than 3 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill
