unit 13 Flashcards
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self - insight.
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety- laden material
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). As Tom began to talk more about his mother, a topic that he was at first resisting, he began to project his hatred towards her, towards his therapist
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.
insight therapies
variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
client - centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person - centered therapy.)
active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client- centered therapy.
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. For example, when training a dog, a person would create a positive response by petting or calming the dog when the dog reacts anxiously or nervously to a stimulus.
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.
systematic desenitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. Another example of systematic desensitization would be helping a patient face their fear of heights. After identifying the fear and learning to relax using techniques similar to meditation, the client could then begin working through their hierarchy of fears.
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. In a classroom, teachers can reward students for demonstrating the desired behavior through earning a token or a chip. The chips or tokens can be exchanged for a prize the student wants.
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.
cognitive-behavioral therapy CBT
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.
regression toward the mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.
meta-analysis
procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
therapeutic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
antidepressent drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.)
electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion - controlling centers of the inner brain
sigmund freud
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed that the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapists interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patent to gain self insight
carl rogers
he developed client-centered therapy; encouraged therapists to exhibit acceptance, genuineness, and empathy
mary cover jones
developed the technique of counterconditioning
joseph wolpe
Joseph Wolpe was a South African psychiatrist famous for developing a treatment for anxiety and phobias using systematic desensitization. Explore the theory behind his work, his exposure therapy, and its relationship to behaviorism.
BF skinner
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. (B.F. Skinner)
albert ellis
psychologist who founded the cogntive psychotherapy called rational-emotive therapy (RET), which emphasizes recognizing and changing irrational beliefs
aaron beck
he was a cognitive therapist that believed that changing people’s thinking can change their functioning, though he has a more gentle approach than Albert Ellis
