unit 1.4

Question 1

To what group of mammal do whales belong?

Why was it so difficult to determine this?-

Answer 1

belong to cetaceamorpha group,

difficult to determine this because this group also includes dolphins and whales. Whales also belong to a group of organism commonly called ruminants (teradactula) which include hippos, pigs, camels, gazelles. The closest relative to whales are hippos.

Question 2

What are whales their closest extant relatives?

Answer 2

their closest extant relatives are hippos

Question 3

What was the diet of early whales? Be able to recognize the early whales and relatives (hint for some: Greek for whale)

Answer 3

-early whales where herbivores. Evolved to become carnivorous. Early whales and relatives in order: Indohyus, Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Corudon, Basilosaurus, Modern Whales.

Question 4

Be able to recognize bird synapomorphies:

Answer 4

feathers, beak, wings, forelimbs->turned into wings, hollow bones, endothermy, high metabolic rate, large heart, efficient respiratory system.

Question 5

Why was a bipedal gait critical for the evolution of birds?

Answer 5

Bipedal dinosaurs evolved to have wings instead. Bipedal, no use for arms, led to gliders, led to wings

Question 6

What are the three functions of feathers? When did feathers originate and what purpose did they serve?

Answer 6

Display
Thermoregulators
Flight
Early Feathers originated in therapy dinosaurs on head for display, then for thermal regulation, then for gliding

Question 7

what about whales makes them distinct from other mammals

Answer 7

inner ear bones, have distinct inner ear bone that tells them apart from other mammals.

Question 8

synapomorphies definition

Answer 8

a shared ancestor characteristic that all of the dependents still posses. feature unique to a group

Question 9

a therapod dinosaur feature

Answer 9

had feathers, sign of feathers on all Dinos

Question 10

Archeopteryx, Be able to recognize the ancestors and early birds (hint: Greek for wing and bird)

Answer 10

• Earliest bird: hunter, predator, lived in forests, large claws
• ave: bird

Question 11

To what group of mammals do horses belong? What are the extant members of this group?

Answer 11

Horses belong and are relatives of Perissodactyla, extant members of group are tapears, rhinos, horses (all wild horses: (zebras, donkeys )and Domesticated horses)

Question 12

What three trends do we see during the evolution of the horse lineage?
Teeth modification for grazing on grass, evolution of hoof, from 4 toes, to 3 toes, to 3 digits (only one of them was useful).

Answer 12

Teeth modification for grazing on grass, evolution of hoof, from 4 toes, to 3 toes, to 3 digits (only one of them was useful). and size

Question 13

Be able to recognize the early horse species (hint: Greek for horse)

Answer 13

In order: phenacodus, odd-toed ungulates, eohippus, mesohippus, merchippus, piilohippus-> modern horses

Question 14

Systematics

Answer 14

discipline of systematics include: phylogentics, taxonomy, classification

Question 15

Phylogenetic

Answer 15

(relationships)dispicline of how organisms are closely related to one another. (Family tree)

Question 16

Classification

Answer 16

finding those higher level things, grouping things into named groups.

Question 17

Taxonomy

Answer 17

giving things names, species, gena, class, family

Question 18

What do the different parts of phylogenetic trees represent: nodes, root, internal and terminal branches,

Answer 18

• Nodes-lines that come together, represent recent common ancestor
• Root- lowest branch coming out of phylogeny
• Internal branches-vertical: represent evolution, horizontal: space apart
• Terminal branches-names we put on end, represent a group or a single species

Question 19

Hierarchical classification

Answer 19

group things into ever expanding groups (species->genus->family)

Question 20

Tokogeny

Answer 20

family tree circles back, messy, inbreeding

Question 21

What types of biological relationships would we expect to be tokogenous?

Answer 21

Inbreeding, mom is your cousin, your uncle married his sisters daughter

Question 22

Taxon

Answer 22

name(species, class, genus)

Question 23

Outgroup

Answer 23

is a close relative of whatever it is you are studying but it is distant

Question 24

sister taxon-

Answer 24

group that is most closely related to each other

Question 25

Polytomy

Answer 25

occurs when we have more than 2 branches coming from a single node, represents uncertainty.

Question 26

Why are some relationships depicted as polytomies

Answer 26

We are uncertain about evolutionary relationships between them

Question 27

Review the example of birds: Are birds amniotes? reptiles? dinosaurs?

Answer 27

They are reptiles and dinosaurs

Question 28

Know the difference between the two types of phylogenies (cladograms and phylograms, chronograph)

Answer 28

cladograms-is a phylogeny that only shows relationships
Phylograms- show relationships and adds one piece of data, like amount of evolution
Chronograms- shows relationships and brand links, shows amount of time that has passed

Question 29

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic Which classifications are valid? Make sure you can recognize valid classifications when given a phylogeny of the classified organisms

Answer 29

Monophyletic-only valid classification
Paraphyletic- not valid, leave out one branch
Polyphyletic- left out more than one group

Question 30

Using the bird example explain how we can fix invalid classifications when new data supports a different phylogeny

Answer 30

Add them to group

Question 31

phylogenetic systematics are

Answer 31

-hierarchical and nontrivial

Question 32

phylogeny

Answer 32

uses morphology or DNA to discover relationships between organisms

Question 33

are all traits created equally

Answer 33

No not all blue organisms go together, not all small organisms go together

Question 34

pedigree

Answer 34

family tree

Question 35

does tokogeny every apply to species

Answer 35

does not apply to most species, we find tokogeny in sexually reproducing species and between species of bacteria

Question 36

phylogeny is a

Answer 36

theory

Question 37

replacing numbers instead of rotating nodes=

Answer 37

not same phylogeny

Question 38

we want our phylogeny to match our

Answer 38

classifications