unit 1.3

Question 1

universe

Answer 1

13.8 BYA
data used: watching starts in our universe, farther stars=fast speed=expanding universe. Rate of expansion of our universe

Question 2

Earth

Answer 2

4.5 BYA

data used:radioactive dating of oldest rocks, leave a distinct signal.

Question 3

Early modern planet

Answer 3

1. Earth temperature was a lot higher than it is now
2. Meteoroids were very common-planet still forming-vacuuming to form planet
3. More geologically active-volcanoes, underwater rifts

Question 4

life began as

Answer 4

RNA molecules that can self-replicate

Question 5

common elements in pre-biotic atmosphere made

Answer 5

basic building blocks of life-amino acids

Question 6

RNA to DNA

Answer 6

ongoing research

Question 7

Origin of Life

Answer 7

3.5 or 3.8 BYA,
data used: looked at oldest fossils, compared to colonial bacteria, same shapes. First living organisms: probably single cell bacteria.

Question 8

• Escaped Genes Hypothesis
• Reduction Hypothesis
• Relics of RNA world hypothesis

Answer 8

• Escaped Genes Hypothesis- Viruses represent a portion of a once living organism escaped or separated (remnant of a once living cell)
• Reduction Hypothesis- Step by Step evolution. Viruses started as life on earth step by step slowly into viruses.
• Relics of RNA world hypothesis- Separate origin of life. Were a separate origin of life but never went beyond virus. Never connect to us.

Question 9

Emergent Properties,

Answer 9

Synergy- another word for emergent properties- where we take a bunch of different elements and put them together to do something brand new that we originally couldn’t do. Same with cells, buildup of cells, become more efficient.

Question 10

Origin of Photosynthesis

Answer 10

3.2 BYA,
data used: rust(red) bands, Iron oxide-formed by oxidation reaction, no oxygen in atmosphere, oxygen came from first photosynthesizes.

Question 11

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 11

2BYA

very little fossil evidence

Question 12

Early eukaryotic cells were a

Answer 12

fusion of archea and bacteria

Question 13

endosymbiosis

Answer 13

-engulfed mitochondria nd chloroplast
evidence:
-double membrane
-have similar genome to bacteria
-mitochondria genes similar to protobacteria
-chloroplast similar to cyanobacteria

Question 14

Great Oxygenation Event

Answer 14

2.5 BYA 
data used: relative dating of fossils
Origin of Eukaryotes
Origin of Multicellularity
Origin of Complex Animals

Question 15

What are the advantages of being multicellular? Why is data difficult to determine

Answer 15

Advantages: Division of labor, response to gradients, economy of scale.
Date difficult to determine because multicellularity has evolved multiple times

Question 16

What organisms are used as models for the origin of multicellularity?

Answer 16

Volvocine Algae-have multiple species of single cells, colonial cells, multicellular cells
Slime molds-single species diff. Stages- single celled-> colony-> multicellular

Question 17

Cambrian explosion,

Answer 17

-dramatic rapid origin of these complex organisms

Question 18

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Answer 18

Igneous-formed from molten lava-magma
Sedimentary-formed from bits and pieces from many diff. types of other material. Weathered, sediment material
Metamorphic- were either once igneous or sedimentary but were changed dramatically through heat and pressure

Question 19

direct dating rock applies to what kind of rock

Answer 19

igneous

1. Estimate of original radioactivity
2. We need a sample of a similar rock with unknown age, and measure radioactivity
3. Known half-life

Question 20

Fossil and where are they found

Answer 20

Fossil-preserved eminent of a living organism; bones, droppings, track. Can be found in sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.

Question 21

Stratigraphy, Relative Dating, How does this resolve the seeming paradox of dating fossils?

Answer 21

It helps us escape the “catch 22” of fossils dating, helps us get an accurate and not precise date.

Question 22

Accuracy, Precision Are fossil dates accurate? Precise?

Answer 22

Accuracy- falls within that range. Precision-how sure are you
Fossil dates are accurate but not precise

Question 23

Where did all life originate? What are the closest relatives of plants?

Answer 23

Life originates in the ocean. Closest relatives of plants are cyanobacteria, aquatic ancestors.

Question 24

Which group’s diversification is most closely associated with the diversification of angiosperms?

Answer 24

insects

Question 25

Are “fish” a monophyletic group?

Answer 25

It is well known that ‘fish’ is not a monophyletic taxon. Rather, it is paraphyletic (it includes a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants).

Question 26

What is the sister-taxon for the tetrapod vertebrates?

Answer 26

Lobe-finned fish

Question 27

What are the three major subgroups of amniotes? How are they distinguished? What are their descendents? What about euryapsids?

Answer 27

Anapsids-have no orbital opening for eye
Synapsids-feed opening behind eye
Diapsids-have two openings behind eye

Question 28

Which of the major subgroups of amniotes dominated the Mesozoic era?

Answer 28

-Diapsids

Question 29

Know the extinct and extant types of lepidosaurs

Answer 29

Terrestrials left behind- snakes and lizards

In ocean in extinct

Question 30

Know the three types of archosaurs. Which are still extant?

Answer 30

Pterosaurs, Crocodylians, Dinosaurs

Pterosaurs are still extinct