Unit 12 - Organic Chem Flashcards
2 specialities of carbon which allows to form multiple bonds
it is Tetravalent which means it can gain lose or share electrons
It is also Covalent meaning it can form single, double or triple bonds
3 types of chains of carbon which can be found in compounds?
Straight Chain
Branched Chain
Closed chain
Hydrocarbons and their types?
Compounds contianing only hydrogen and carbon
- Saturated hydrocarbons where there is a carbon-carbon single bond such as Alkane, Alkyl and Alcohol
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons where there is only one carbon-carbon double or triple bond and rest all are single bonds. Such as alkyne and alkene
IUPAC nomenclature form for hydrocarbons
Prefix + Word Root + Primary suffix + Secondary suffix
Word root in IUPAC nomelcautre
Longest continous chain of carbon atomd
1 = meth
2 = eth
3= prop
4 = but
5 = pent
6 = hex
7= hept
8 = oct
9 = non
10 = dec
Primary suffix in IUPAC Nomelclature
Determines if compound is saturated or not
Carbon-carbon single bond = ane
Carbon-carbon double bond = ene
carbon - carbon triple bond = yne
Alkane, formula and name of first 5 compounds
Formula = C_n H_2n+2
Saturated and all bonds between carbon are single bonds. Primary suffix = ane
First 5 elements = Methane, Ethane, Propone, Butane, Pentane
Alkene, formula, name of frist 5 compounds
C_n H_2n
One carbon-carbon bond will be a double bond rest all are single bonds. Unsaturated meaing we can break the double bond to add hydrogen. Primary Suffix = ene
First 5 = Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene, Hexene
Starts with eth and not meth because we need 2 carbons to make a double bond
Alkyne, formula and name of first 5 compounds
C_n H_2n-2
One carbon-carbon trple bond rest all are single bonds. Unsaturated. Primary Suffix = yne
first 5 compounds = ethyne, propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne
Starts with eth and not meth because we need 2 carbons to make a triple bond
Alkyl, formula and name of first 5 compounds
C_n H_2n+1
Remove one hydrogen from alkane to get alkyl. Primarry suffix = yl
Represented using ‘R’
Cant exist alone and will always be connected to a compounds
First 5 = methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl
Alcohol, formula and name of first 5 compounds
C_n H_2n+1 OH
Basically an Alkyl group with a OH (hydroxyl)
Suffix = ‘ol’
Weak acids’
Saturated hence mainly carbon-carbon single bond.
A number in front of the ‘ol’ suffix indiciated the position of the OH, for example, Propan-2-ol means the OH is bonded with the second carbon
First 5 - methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol
Hydration reaction
Adding water to alkene, in the prescene of heat and concentrated H2SO4 will give you an alcohol.
In the alkene, the carbon atom with most directly connected hydrogens will gain a single hydrogen from water (because the double bond breaks and one space for hydrogen comes up) and the cabron with least hydrogen directly connected often gets the OH from water
Carboxylic Acid, egenral form and name of first 5
. O.
||
R - C - OH
Functional group = COOH
Suffix = anoic acid
Very weak acid with partial dissassociate of ions
Seires - Methanoic Acid, Ethanoic Acid, Propanoic acid, Butanoic acid, pentanoic acid
Why is the first compound in Carboxylic sereies HCOOH and not CH_3COOH?
Because for the first one, the longest chain of carbons should be oen and one cabron is already present in COOH, hence we consider the Alykyl group R to be just a Hydrogen
Ionisation of Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid diassociates partially and loses the H at the end of COOH, to form a negative ion which always ends in ‘anoate’ and gives at an H+ ion
Other reactions are normal reaction of an acid with metal, base and metal carbonate
Carboxylic acid reaction with water
Carboxylic acid + H2O ⇌ Carboxylate Ion + H_3 O+
How is carboxylic acid formed?
By oxidising alcohol.
It can be doen using a Reflex Condenser in the prescene of Oxidisng agent such as Concentrated Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) or Pottasium Dichromate (K2 Cr2 O7).
Essentially, first the alcohol oxiidises into an aldehyde which then turns into a carboxylic acid
Uses of Alkane and Alkene
Alkanes are often used as feuls due to their High energy output and efficient combustion. Examles includes LPG, petrol and diesel.
Alkene are used in making of Plastics and pharmaceuticals
Trends of compounds in same homologus series (as we go down the grooup)
- C1 - C5 are gasoeus in State
C2 - C12 liquid in state
C13+ solid state - BP increases
- Density increases
- Volitality or how long it takes a subtsnace ot turn into vapours decreases
Properties of Alkane
Very unreactive because of high bodn energy
Can be used as a very good fuel
Can undergo Substituition and Combustion reaction
Can react under the prescene of UV light, Sunlight or Heat to undergo Photochemical reaction
Hyodrgenation reaction
Adding H2 to an Alkene in the prescene of Nickel as a catalyst at 150 degrees celcius to obtain a Alkane
Eg: Ethene + H2 -> Ethane
Electrophillic Addition reaction
Orange coloured Bromine water is added to Alkene attacks its double bond and breaks them. To fill the valency, the bromine bonds with the carbon atoms. The orange coloured liquid now becomes colourless as bromine isnt just there on its own. This is used to identify wether a solution was an alkene or an alkane, as with an alkane, no change would have occured
Isomers
2 or more organic compounds having the same molecular formula but have diff structures
Carboxylic acids and Esters are ____ of each other
Isomers
