Unit 12: Fertility and Fertility Control Flashcards
What do gonads produce?
germ cells (ova + sperm) + sex hormones
Describe: vulva, monis pubis, labia majora + minora, clitoris, urethra, vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes + ovary
vulva: external female sex organ
monis pubis: rounded mass of fatty tissue, covered with hair
labia majora + minora: outer lips (majora), inner lips (minora
clitoris: highly sensitive to touch, plaus significant role in sexual arousal + orgasm
urethra: duct that transports urine directly from bladder
vagina: passage that leads to internal reproductive organs
cervix: opening of uterus
fallopian tubes: extend from top of uterus
ovary: end of each fallopian tube, surrounds ovary + guides mature ovum down into uterus
Describe: penis, scrotum, penile urethra + cowper’s glands
penis: comprises a glans (sensitive part, head) + shaft (extends from head to body of penis)
scrotum: pouch that contains pair of testes
penile urethra: tube that runs throught the entire length of penis - carries both urine + semen to opening tip
cowper’s glands: two small structures flanking urthera
What hormones do testes dominantly produce?
Ovaries?
androgens, most active being testosterone
estrogen + progesterone
name the 2 most common intersex conditions
describe briefly
klinefelter syndrome: male @ birth carries two or more X with Y
turner syndrome: female babies have 1 comeplete X chromosome
name the hormone produced by the fertilized egg in pregnancy
(which is detected by pregnancy tests)
HCG
Explain the process of conception
sperm travels from testes to epididemis to vas derenes to urethra to vagina to cervix to uterus to fallopian tubes
ovum travels from ovaires to fallopian tubes
zygote divides to form a mass of cells, which implants in endometrium and develops
What are the pros and cons to male condoms?
Effectiveness?
Pros
- provides the best protection against STIs
- no side effects
Cons
- can interrupt activity
- allergies to latex
- may diminish sensation
- breakage
with perfect use: 2%, averages 17% failure
What are pros and cons to female condoms
Effectiveness?
Pros
- can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse
- protects against STIs
Cons
- can be noisy, move or be uncomfortable
- slippage often occurs
with perfect use: 5%; average 27% higher in new relationships
Pros and cons of spermicide & contraceptive sponge
Spermicide
- Pros: inexpensive; readily available
- Cons: used with or wihtout a diaphragm; must be inserted 10-20 mins befor eintercourse; doesn’t protect against STIs
Contraceptive sponge
- Pros: can insert right before or up to several hours before intercourse
- Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs, may increase HIV risk
Describe emergency contraceptives
4 points
What are side effects?
- doesn’t require prescription
- can be used up to 5-days following unprotected sex
- reduces risk of pregnancy by 75%
- doesn’t terminate pregnancy if impantation already taken place
- nausea/vomiting
- irregular bleeding
- fatique
- headache
- dizziness
- tender breasts
Describe prescription contraceptives
examples (2 types) & function
examples:
- hormonal: contaceptive ring, patch, implants, IUD
- barrier: diaphragm/cervical cap
function: mimics pregnancy hormones tricking the body into thinking it’s pregnant; prevents ovulation
Pros and cons of injectable contraceptive and contraceptive patch
Injectable
pros:
- 3 months of protection
- effective
- discrete
cons:
- doesn’t protect against STIs
- menstrual irregularities
Patch
pros:
- effective, discrete
cons:
- doesn’t protect against STIs
- side effects
Hormonal ring pros and cons
pros: 3 weeks protection, shorter and lighter periods
cons: doesn’t protect against STIs, may be side effects
Diaphragm pros and cons
Pros: can insert up to 6 hours prior to intercourse; protects for 6 hours
Cons: needs to be fitted; more expensive; can be moved out of place; must be left in place for 6 hours after sex, doesn’t protect against STIs
IUD pros and cons
Pros:
- lasts approx 3-5 years
- may stop menstruation
- effective immediately
- reduces risk of some cancers
Cons
- no protection against STIs
- expensive $100-300+
- needs to inserted
- cramps
- expulsion of device
Describe permanent means of contraception
- tubal ligation: fallopian tube is tied, cut, blocked or sealed
- vasectomy: incision made in scrotum, small section of vas derens is removed, and ends are cut (both sides)
List some factors people might consider when choosing contraception
- Fit into lifestyle?
- Convenience
- Effective
- Safe
- Affordable
- reversible
- protection against STIs
State the types of abortion
- medical
- dilation and curettage
- vacuum aspiration
Describe some available fertility options to couples wanting but unable to conceive
- assisted reproductive technology
- sperm donor or surrogate (female that agrees to carry baby until term)
- intrauterine insemination
- hormone therapy
- in vitro fertilization (fertilization occurs outside, fertilized eggs are implanted in mother)
- adoption
Describe pregnancy trimesters
first trimester
- morning sickness
- higher risk of spontaneous abortion
second trimester
- abdomen starts to noticeable swell
- movement of baby first evidenced
third timester
- rapid fetal growth
What are keys to a healthy pregnancy?
- eat sensibly
- proper food safety, minimize exposure to infectious agents (pregnant women at increased risk of infection)
- avoid sodium nitrite and nitrates ( byproducts are carinogens)
- ensure adequate intake of folic acid (for neural tube + DNA defects)
- don’t smoke nor drink
Unit 12 Quiz Questions
True or False: Pregnancy is divided into trimesters
True
Unit 12 Quiz Questions
True or False: According to the World Health Organization, approximately 80 million women worldwide have unintended or unwanted pregnancies every year.
True
